Systemic inflammatory response (SIR) evoked by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is still one of the major causes of postoperative multiple organs injuries. Since the concentrations of circulating inflammatory factors are positively associated with postoperative adverse events, removal or inhibition of inflammatory factors are considered as effective treatments to improve outcomes. After more than 20 years of research, however, the results are disappointed as neither neutralization nor removal of circulating inflammatory factors could reduce adverse events. Therefore, the role of circulating inflammatory factors in CPB-related organs injuries should be reconsidered in order to find effective therapies. Here we reviewed the association between circulating inflammatory factors and the outcomes, as well as the current therapies, including antibody and hemadsorption. Most importantly, the role of circulating inflammatory factors in SIR was reviewed, which may be helpful to develop new measures to prevent and treat CPB-related organs injuries.
Objective To investigate the clinical significance of changes in cardiopulmonary function, degree of hypoxia and inflammatory factors in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients combined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 209 patients with OSAHS admitted from October 2015 to April 2022. The OSAHS patients were divided into an OSAHS-only group, an OSAHS combined with mild COPD group, an OSAHS combined with moderate COPD group, and an OSAHS combined with severe and very severe COPD group based on pulmonary function test. The characteristics of cardiopulmonary function [(pulmonary artery pressure, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), percent predicted value of FEV1 (FEV1%pred)], hypoxia indexes [night lowest saturation of pulse oxygen (NL-SpO2), night medial saturation of pulse oxygen (NM-SpO2), saturation of pulse oxygen less than 85% of the time (TS85), diurnal lowest saturation of pulse oxygen (DL-SpO2)], inflammatory factor indicators [procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR)], and other characteristics were compared separately. The partial correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of OSAHS with COPD. Results There were statistically significant differences in age, days of hospitalization, cardiopulmonary function indexes, hypoxia indexes and inflammatory factor indexes between the OSAHS combined with COPD group and the OSAHS-only group (all P<0.05). And pulmonary artery pressure, NT-proBNP, TS85, IL-6, and NLR were higher and DL-SpO2, NL-SpO2, and NM-SpO2 were lower in the OSAHS combined with severe and very severe COPD group compared with the OSAHS combined with mild COPD group (all P<0.05). In the partial correlation analysis, FEV1%pred was negatively correlated with pulmonary artery pressure, NT-proBNP, TS85, IL-6, hs-CRP and NLR, and positively correlated with DL-SpO2, NL-SpO2 and NM-SpO2 (all P<0.05). In regression analysis, NLR and TS85 were the main risk factors for OSAHS combined with COPD (all P<0.05). Conclusions OSAHS patients combined with COPD have longer hospital days, greater burden of hypoxia, cardiopulmonary function and inflammation compared with patients with OSAHS alone, especially more significant in patients with poorer pulmonary function, and higher incidence of pulmonary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and lower limb edema. NLR and TS85 are the main risk factors in patients with OSAHS combined with severe and very severe COPD.
Objective To investigate the relationship of cluster of differentiation 40L (CD40L) between inflammatory response mediated by vascular endothelial injury and Stanford A type aortic dissection (STAAD). Methods In this study from August 2016 to February 2017, a total of 215 blood samples from 95 STAAD patients (67 males and 28 females aged 48.33±12.19 years) and 120 healthy volunteers (94 males and 26 females aged 48.64±10.13 years) were collected. The patients with aortic dissection were taken blood 1 hour before the operation and the healthy volunteers were taken blood from the elbow vein. All STAAD patients were diagnozed by computed tomography angiography (CTA) and patients with Marfan syndrome were excluded. Blood samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CD40L, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), E-selectin, interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and so on. ResultsCompared with the healthy population, the level of SCD40L(26.87±5.50 ng/ml vs. 13.39±4.03 ng/ml, P<0.001) in the STAAD patients was significantly higher. E-Selectin (116.62±25.24 ng/ml vs. 77.05±14.30 ng/ml, P<0.001), VCAM-1 (P<0.001), TNF-α (55.35±9.12 ng/ml vs. 37.33±5.61 pg/ml, P<0.001), IL-1β (62.12±13.37 ng/ml vs. 48.68±9.86 pg/ml, P<0.001), IL-6 (499.54±90.45 ng/ml vs. 422.44±34.00 pg/ml, P<0.001) significantly increased. Conclusion The increased expression of SCD40L in STAAD patients and the inflammatory reaction induced by endothelial injury in aortic dissection patients are obvious.
ObjectiveTo summarize the anti-inflammatory effects of irisin in inflammatory diseases.MethodThe relevant literatures at home and abroad in recent years were systematically searched and read to review the anti-inflammatory effects of irisin in the inflammatory diseases.ResultsThe irisin was widely distributed in the body and played a physiological role in inducing the browning of white adipocytes, improving energy metabolism and glucose utilization. A grow body of evidences demonstrated that the irisin exerted the anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-α, antagonizing apoptosis and activation of nuclear factor-κB, and improving tissue damage in many inflammatory diseases, such as acute lung injury, inflammatory bowel disease, septic cardiomyopathy, acute pancreatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and malignant tumors.ConclusionsIrisin plays an important anti-inflammatory role in pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Irisin is considered as a promising candidate biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of inflammatory diseases, and a novel target for treatment of inflammatory diseases.
ObjectiveTo explore the application value of transoral snare traction in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). MethodsA total of 90 EGC patients admitted to Xinxiang Central Hospital from January 2020 to April 2023 were selected and randomly divided into a study group and a conventional group using a random number table method. The conventional group was received ESD, while the study group was received transoral snare traction in combination with ESD. Baseline data, treatment efficacy, as well as the serum inflammatory-stress factors (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol) and gastrointestinal hormones (motilin and gastrin), surgical indicators, gastrointestinal function recovery indicators before surgery and on day 1 and 3 after surgery, postoperative complications, improvement in quality of life, and 2-year recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. The test level was set at α=0.05. ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, body mass index, disease duration, longest tumor diameter, lesion location, and tumor differentiation degree between the study group and the conventional group (P>0.05). The total effective rate in the study group was higher than that in the conventional group [95.6% (43/45) vs. 80.0% (36/45), χ2=5.075, P=0.024]. The results of repeated-measures ANOVA showed statistically significant between-group, time, and between-group-time interaction effects of serum inflammatory-stress factor and gastrointestinal hormone levels in the study and conventional groups (P<0.05), the effect of the time factor on inflammatory-stress factors and gastrointestinal hormones varied with intervention (P<0.001), postoperative inflammatory-stress factors levels in the study group exhibited aninitial increase followed by a decline, ultimately falling below those of the conventional group, the levels of serum motilin and gastrin in the study group continued to decrease than those before surgery and the reduction was smaller in the study group than in the control group. The operation duration, recovery of bowel sounds, the first exhaust, the first defecation, and the first meal time in the study group were shorter than those in the conventional group (P<0.05), and the intraoperative blood loss was less than that in the conventional group (P<0.05), the overall complication rate was lower than that in the conventional group [4.4% (2/45) vs. 17.8% (8/45), χ2=4.050, P=0.044], and the improvement rate in quality of life was higher than that in the conventional group [77.8% (35/45) vs. 57.8% (26/45), χ2=4.121, P=0.042]. There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between the two groups after a 2-year follow-up [7.0% (3/43) vs. 17.1%(7/41), χ2=1.191, P=0.275]. ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the treatment of early gastric cancer with transoral snare traction combined with ESD has significant efficacy, which can optimize surgical procedures, reduce inflammatory-stress reaction, improve gastrointestinal hormone levels, promote disease recovery, reduce the occurrence of complications, and achieve good short- and medium-term outcomes.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of melatonin (MT) on bone mass and serum inflammatory factors in rats received ovariectomy (OVX) and to investigate the effects of MT on the levels of inflammatory factors in culture medium and osteogenic ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Methods Fifteen 12-week-old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. The rats in Sham group only received bilateral lateral abdominal incision and suture, the rats in OVX group received bilateral OVX, and the rats in OVX+MT group received 100 mg/(kg·d) MT oral intervention after bilateral OVX. After 8 weeks, the levels of serum inflammatory factors [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)] were detected using ELISA assay. Besides, the distal femurs were detected by Micro-CT to observe changes in bone mass and microstructure, and quantitatively measured bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number. The BMSCs were extracted from the femurs of three 3-week-old SD rats using whole bone marrow culture method and passaged. The 3rd-5th passage BMSCs were cultured with different concentrations of MT (0, 1, 10, 100, 1 000 μmol/L), and the cell viability was then detected using cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) to select the optimal concentration of MT for subsequent experiments. Cells were devided into osteogenic induction group (group A) and osteogenic induction+1/5/10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide group (group B-D). The levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in cell culture medium were detected using ELISA assay after corresponding intervention. According to the results of CCK-8 method and ELISA detection, the cells were intervened with the most significant concentration of lipopolysaccharide for stimulating inflammation and the optimal concentration of MT with osteogenic induction, defining as group E, and the cell culture medium was collected to detect the levels of inflammatory factors by ELISA assay. After that, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were performed respectively in groups A, D, and E, and the expression levels of osteogenic related genes [collagen type Ⅰ alpha 1 chain (Col1a1) and RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2)] were also detected by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). ResultsELISA and Micro-CT assays showed that compared with Sham group, the bone mass of the rats in the OVX group significantly decreased, and the expression levels of serum inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in OVX group significantly increased (P<0.05). Significantly, the above indicators in OVX+MT group were all improved (P<0.05). Rat BMSCs were successfully extracted, and CCK-8 assay showed that 100 μmol/L was the maximum concentration of MT that did not cause a decrease in cell viability, and it was used in subsequent experiments. ELISA assays showed that compared with group A, the expression levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the cell culture medium of groups B-D were significantly increased after lipopolysaccharide stimulation (P<0.05), and in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression levels of inflammatory factors in group D were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (P<0.05). After MT intervention, the expression levels of inflammatory factors in group E were significantly lower than those in group D (P<0.05). ALP staining, alizarin red staining, and RT-qPCR assays showed that compared with group A, the percentage of positive area of ALP and alizarin red and the relative mRNA expressions of Col1a1 and Runx2 in group D significantly decreased, while the above indicators in group E significantly improved after MT intervention (P<0.05). ConclusionMT may affect the bone mass of postmenopausal osteoporosis by reducing inflammation in rats; MT can reduce the inflammation of BMSCs stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and weaken its inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.
ObjectiveTo analyze the correlations between the immune function and inflammatory factors levels of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the results of in vitro high-throughput drug sensitivity, and to provide a reference for personalized drug selection for patients with HCC. MethodsThe patients with HCC who met the inclusion criteria from December 2019 to June 2021 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were included. The HCC cells were used to perform in vitro high-throughput drug sensitivity screening, the result was classified into sensitive and insensitive. The correlations between drug sensitivity results and immune function and inflammatory factors levels of corresponding patients were analyzed, and the relation between these indexes (P<0.05) and drug sensitivity of HCC cells to drugs or combination regimen of drugs was further analyzed by univariate logistic regression. ResultsA total of 74 patients with HCC were included in this study. The results showed that the level of interleukin-6 was negatively correlated with sorafenib, caffezomib, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin + epirubicin + irinotecan + 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin + irinotecan + epirubicin, and oxaliplatin + epirubicin regimens on the inhibition rates of HCC in vitro (P<0.05), and positively correlated with bortezomib (P<0.05). However, the level of interleukin-6 was not related to the sensitivity of HCC cells to these single drugs or combined regimens (P>0.05). Meanwhile it was found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was negatively correlated with cabotinib, apatinib, caffezomib, and epirubicin on the inhibition rates of HCC in vitro (P<0.05), and positively correlated with epirubicin (P<0.05). But only it was found that tumor necrosis factor-α level was related to the sensitivity of HCC cells to epirubicin (P<0.05). ConclusionsTumor necrosis factor-α level in peripheral blood of patients with HCC has a certain relation with epirubicin on inhibition rate of HCC in vitro and it might have a certain value in predicting sensitivity of HCC cells to epirubicin. Meanwhile, although it is found that level of IL-6 is related to sorafenib, caffezomib, gemcitabine, or including combination regiems including oxaliplatin and epirubicin on inhibition rates of HCC in vitro, their value is not found in predicting sensitivity of HCC cells to these single drugs or combined regimens.
Objective To investigate the protective effect of annexin A1 (ANXA1) derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HucMSCs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced acute lung injury (ALI). Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a sham group, a LPS group, a LPS+HucMSC-cm (LPS+cm) group, a LPS+nc-cm group, and a LPS+si-cm group, with 6 mice in each group. LPS (5 mg/kg) was intratracheally injected to induce ALI model. Then, normal saline, HucMSC-cm (HucMSC conditioned medium), HucMSC-nc-cm (normal ANXA1 expression) and HucMSC-si-cm (knockout of ANXA1) were injected intratracheally with 50 μL each after LPS treatment for 4 hours. After 72 hours of LPS administration, the mice were killed, and the blood and lung tissues were retained. After corresponding treatment, the blood and lung tissues were preserved. The expression of IL-6 in peripheral blood of mice was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay, the pathological changes of lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in lung tissues of each group were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the sham group, the lung histopathology of mice in the LPS group showed significantly increased inflammatory factor infiltration, alveolar collapse, and lung tissue structure destruction as well as lung tissue injury score and wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) increased (all P<0.05). Accordingly, IL-6 and VCAM-1 protein levels in lung tissue and IL-6 expression in peripheral blood were increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the LPS group, the pathological injury of lung tissue in the LPS+cm group was improved, the lung tissue injury score and the W/D ratio decreased while IL-6, VCAM-1 protein levels in lung tissue and IL-6 expression in peripheral blood were decreased (all P<0.05). But there were no significant differences between the LPS+cm group and the LPS+ nc-cm group (all P>0.05). Compared with the LPS+nc-cm group, lung tissue pathological injury was aggravated again, lung tissue injury score and W/D were also increased in the LPS+si-cm group (all P<0.05). IL-6 and VCAM-1 protein levels in lung tissue and IL-6 expression in peripheral blood were increased again (all P<0.05). Conclusion ANXA1 derived from HucMSCs has certain protective effect in LPS-induced ALI model.
Objective This study aims to investigate the changes of inflammatory markers of oropharynx and its correlation with prognosis in the stable phase of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Sixty-two patients with COPD in stable stage were divided into smoking and non-smoking groups, and 31 healthy persons were selected as controls. The pharyngeal swabs were collected to determine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), collagen type Ⅳ (COL-4), and fibronectin (FN) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Meanwhile, eosinophil count and C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral blood were measured. The correlations between the above metrics and COPD and the prognosis of the patients were analyzed. Results TNF-α, IL-8, COL-4, FN and CRP levels in patients with COPD were significantly higher compared with control groups (P<0.05), and there were significant differences between smoking and non-smoking groups in inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-8, FN, CRP (P<0.05). The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1%pred of patients with COPD were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). The smoking index of patients with COPD in smoking group was significantly higher than that in smoking control group (P<0.05). TNF- α and IL-8 were positively associated with blood CRP in patients with COPD. Conclusion The inflammatory markers of oropharynx in patients with COPD are different from those in healthy persons and smoking may promote the increase of inflammatory markers of oropharynx in patients with COPD; the non-invasive detection of paired pharyngeal inflammatory markers may be helpful in determining acute onset and prognosis.
Objective To investigate the difference of anticoagulant efficacy of heparin and citric acid during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with severe acute pancreatitis, and analyze their effects of on filter life span, length of hospital stay and mortality. Methods Patients with severe acute pancreatitis in Intensive Care Unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University between January 2018 and July 2022 were retrospectively enrolled, and they were divided into heparin group (control group) and citric acid group (research group) according to anticoagulation methods. The differences of anticoagulant catheter blockage during CRRT, filter life span, length of hospital stay, and 90-day mortality between the two groups were analyzed. Results A total of 108 patients were enrolled, including 56 in the research group and 52 in the control group. In pre-CRRT treatment, the balance value of fluid intake and outflow in the research group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The 108 patients received 217 times of CRRT treatment totally, with a median length of treatment of 63 h (range 44-87 h). The severity of catheter blockage in the research group was lower than that in the control group (P=0.003). The filter life span was longer in the research group than that in the control group [42.5 vs. 29.0 h; hazard ratio=1.83, 95% confidence interval (1.23, 2.73), P<0.001]; in the comparison of 90-day mortality, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The mean use of filters in the research group was less than that in the control group (1.93±0.09 vs. 2.17±0.14, P<0.001). The downtime of CRRT due to filter life in the research group was obviously shorter than that in the control group [120 (0, 720) vs. 300 (0, 890) min, P=0.029], while the duration of CRRT in the research group was remarkably better than that in the control group [10.6 (4.9, 27.7) vs. 8.1 (3.6, 25.0) d, P=0.024], and the risk of filter replacement due to special conditons in the research group was lower than that in the control group (46.4% vs. 65.4%, P=0.048). There was no statistically significant difference in the length of intensive care unit hospitalization or total hospitalization between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Both heparin and citric acid could assist the treatment of CRRT, while citric acid might be apt to improve local coagulation and systemic inflammatory response.