As an important auxiliary means of pharmacoeconomics evaluation, budget impact analysis can effectively measure the affordability of medical insurance fund, and plays a significant role in the process of medical insurance access negotiation, adjustment of medical insurance reimbursement directory and establishment of payment price. The quality of budget impact analysis data has a great impact on the analysis results and the scientific decision-making. When the existing data cannot meet the requirements of the paper, relevant software is needed to carry out Delphi method to ensure the data accuracy. Infopoll is a powerful, easy-to-use application that designs consultation questionnaires by providing multiple question choices and multiple forms of answer settings, as well as detailed statistical charts for results analysis. This paper introduces how to obtain the data of budget impact analysis based on Delphi method using Infopoll software, and analyzes the main results in detail.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the pharmacoeconomics of high-dose intravenous iron ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of patients with iron deficiency anemia. MethodsPharmacoeconomic studies of ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of patients with iron deficiency anemia were searched in PubMed, The Cochrane Library, York University CRD, Web of Science, EBSCO, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP databases, and relevant health technology assessment websites from inception to September 30th, 2021. A descriptive analysis was performed after two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. ResultsA total of 11 studies were included, most of them compared the health economics of ferric carboxymaltose with other therapies from a hospital perspective. The main costs included in these studies were costs for iron, infusion, blood transfusion, EPO, hospitalization, and transportation, as well as productivity cost. The ferric carboxymaltose was presumed to be more economical than other intravenous irons. ConclusionIt is suggested that the ferric carboxymaltose be considered in more clinical settings to improve the ischemic condition of patients with iron deficiency anemia, so as to promote the rational utilization of medical resources.
ObjectiveThis study aims to conduct a systematic review and quality assessment of published domestic and foreign studies on the pharmacoeconomics of Chinese patent medicines, with the goal of identifying relevant issues and proposing improvement suggestions. MethodsThe methods used in this study involved systematic searches of the CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, and PubMed databases for domestic and foreign studies related to the pharmacoeconomics of Chinese patent medicines, with a search deadline of May 20, 2022. The studies were evaluated systematically based on various aspects such as title, year, author, journal, research perspective, research type, disease area, research object, research design type, research method, application model, model calibration, sensitivity analysis, cost calculation, effectiveness indicators, and adverse reaction comparison. The evaluation of report quality and methodological quality was conducted using the consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) and the quality of health economic studies (QHES) tools, respectively. ResultsThis study included a total of 249 articles, including 247 in Chinese and 2 in English. The first article on the pharmacoeconomics of Chinese patent medicine was published in 2000. The diseases studied covered 59.26% of the ICD-11 disease areas. Articles reporting on the research perspective accounted for 16.87% of the total number of studies, while 32.4% of studies provided an explanation of the research type. The main method used was cost-effectiveness analysis, accounting for 86.75% of the studies, and the main cost component was direct medical costs, accounting for 89.56%. The primary effectiveness indicator was the overall effective rate, accounting for 78.31% of the studies. The average compliance rate with the CHEERS 2022 standard was 43.58%, and the average QHES score was 56.7. ConclusionA considerable part of the existing research on the pharmacoeconomics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) suffers from problems such as the lack of research methods or non-standardized methods. Therefore, the relevant research abilities of researchers who conduct TCM pharmacoeconomic research need to be improved.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the pharmacoeconomics of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. MethodsCRD, NICE, CADTH, HITAP, NECA, IWIQG, ISPOR, PubMed, EMbase, CNKI, and WanFang Data databases were electronically searched to collect pharmacoeconomic studies on the hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of end-stage renal disease from inception to December 2020. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Then, the conclusions of research models, pharmacoeconomic evaluation results, and sensitivity analysis were summarized. ResultsA total of 15 pharmacoeconomic studies were included, among which 9 studies used the Markov state transition model, and 6 were observational studies. From the perspective of health outcomes, peritoneal dialysis had cost-effectiveness advantages over hemodialysis in the treatment of end-stage renal disease under the condition of a clear threshold. ConclusionsCurrent evidence shows that compared with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis has certain cost-effectiveness advantages in the treatment of end-stage renal disease. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high-quality studies are required to verify the above conclusions.
Objective To explore the effects on quality of life (QOL), the targeted rates of metabolic parameters and cost-effectiveness in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients who underwent multifactorial intensive intervention. Methods One hundred and twenty seven cases in an intensive intervention and 125 cases in a conventional intervention group were investigated by using the SF-36 questionnaire. The comparison of QOL and the targeted rates of metabolic parameters between the two groups were made. We assessed the influence factors of QOL by stepwise regression analysis and evaluated the efficiency by pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness analysis. Results The targeted rates of blood glucose, blood lipid and blood pressure with intensive policies were significantly higher than those with conventional policy (P＜0.05). The intensive group’s role limitations due to physical problems (RP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), role limitation due to emotional problems (RE) and total scores after 6 months intervention were significantly higher than those of baseline (P＜0.05). The vitality scores and health transition (HT) of the intensive group were better than those of the conventional group after 6 months intervention. But the QOL scores of the conventional group were not improved after intervention. The difference of QOL’s total scores after intervention was related to that of HbA1c. The total cost-effectiveness rate of blood glucose, blood lipid, blood pressure control and the total cost-effectiveness rate of QOL with intensive policy were higher than those with the conventional policy. Conclusions Quality of life and the targeted rates of blood glucose, blood lipid and blood pressure in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients with multifactorial intensive intervention policy are better and more economic than those with conventional policy.
Health economics analysis has become increasingly important in recent years. It is essential to master the use of relevant software to conduct research in health economics. TreeAge Pro software is widely used in the healthcare decision analysis. It can carry out decision analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation. With powerful functionlity and outstanding visualization, it can build Markov disease transition models to analyze Markov processes according to disease models and accomplish decision analysis with decision trees and influence diagrams. This paper introduces cost-effectiveness analysis based on Markov model with examples and explains the main graphs.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the pharmacoeconomics research of coagulation factor Ⅷ for the treatment of hemophilia A. MethodsPubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data databases were electronically searched to collect pharmacoeconomic studies of coagulation factor Ⅷ for the treatment of hemophilia A from inception to February 2022. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies; then, qualitative systematic review was carried out from the aspects of research model, research parameters and uncertainty analysis. ResultsA total of 17 pharmacoeconomic studies were included. The overall quality of the included literature was relatively high, and most of them conformed to the basic framework of pharmacoeconomic research; however, there were still differences and deficiencies in model setting and parameter selection. Most results of the study evaluation showed that prophylaxis of coagulation factor Ⅷ had cost-effectiveness advantages over on-demand treatment. ConclusionCurrent evidence shows that the preventive treatment of coagulation factor Ⅷ may have certain cost-effectiveness advantages compared with on-demand treatment; however, the adaptability of this conclusion to China still needs to be analyzed.
ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate pharmacoeconomic studies on Programmed cell death-1/Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors for advanced gastric cancer (GC) globally, providing evidence for healthcare policy formulation and clinical decision-making. MethodsWe conducted electronic searches in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Embase, CNKI, WanFang Data, and VIP databases, retrieving relevant literature published from inception to February 2025. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed study quality using the CHEERS 2022 checklist. We systematically summarized and analyzed the basic characteristics, model structures, methodological approaches, and economic outcomes of the included studies through inductive analysis. ResultsA total of 15 studies were included, with overall good quality. All included studies employed cost-utility analyses, among which 9 utilized partitioned survival models and 6 adopted Markov models. Direct medical costs were used as the cost calculation basis in all studies. Economic evaluations showed that most PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy were not cost-effective compared with chemotherapy alone. However, in patients with high PD-L1 expression, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapy demonstrated cost-effectiveness for advanced gastric cancer treatment. ConclusionThe economic viability of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapy for advanced GC varies significantly across regions due to drug pricing, economic status, and national contexts. Although most current regimens are not cost-effective, their clinical efficacy advantages suggest substantial future potential. Reducing drug prices is recommended to enhance drug accessibility in China.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the effectiveness and safety of salvianolate injection and Danshen injection for patients with angina pectoris, and evaluate the cost of drug. MethodsWe electronically searched databases including PubMed, CENTRAL (Issue 4, 2013), CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data (2004.1 to 2013.5) for the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the comparison between salvianolate injection and Danshen injection for angina pectoris from January 2004 to May 2013. Relevant journals and conference proceedings were also manually retrieved. Two reviewers independently screened literature in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assess the methodological quality of included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.2 software. ResultsA total of 10 RCTs involving 1 196 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that, salvianolate injection was obviously superior to Danshen injection in the effectiveness (OR=3.79, 95%CI 2.78 to 5.17, P < 0.000 01) and safety (OR=0.24, 95%CI 0.09 to 0.64, P=0.004), but lack of economic advantages in the treatment of the angina pectoris diseases. ConclusionCurrent evidence indicates that, salvianolate injection is a safe and effective scheme for angina pectoris, and Danshen injection is considered as a economic method. Because of the limited quantity and quality of currently-available research, the aforementioned conclusion should be verified by strictly-designed and large-scale sample RCTs.
ObjectivesTo survey the systematic reviews of pharmacoeconomic evaluations.MethodsDatabases including The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase (Ovid), NHS EED (Ovid), CENTRAL, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Database, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP and CBM were searched from inception to May 2018 to collect systematic reviews of pharmacoeconomic evaluations. Two reviewers independently screened literature and extracted data. Data statistics and frequency analysis were then conducted on the basic characteristics of included literatures, which involves the publication journal type and influencing factors (IF), disease type, quality assessment tool, etc. The amended AMSTAR scale was used to assess the methodological quality of pharm-SR.ResultsOne hundred and forty-three systematic reviews were included in the overview. The UK had a large number of publications (39.8%), which were mostly published in the Health Technology Assessment and Pharmacoeconomics. Among the included literatures, most were evaluated tumor related pharmacoeconomics systematic reviews (20.8%). They searched on average 7.42±4.00 databases. The British Medical Journal checklist (20.15%) and the Drummond checklist (19.40) were the main tools for quality evaluation. The methodological qualities of these studies were not high.ConclusionsThe evidence shows that the number of systematic reviews of pharmacoeconomic is increasing and research methodology is gradually unifying. However, the quality is still required to be further improved.