Objectives To analyze the effect of improved oven for defluorination in coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas in China, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of fluorosis. Methods Electronic databases including CNKI, CBM, VIP and CDMD-D (1989 to 2005), were searched. We also checked the reference lists of relevant articles. We selected relevant articles according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality was assessed . Data on room heat preservation and the effect of improved oven for defluorination were collected in the surveillance spots of Three Gorges Reservoir. Correlation analyses were conducted between the improved oven and its effect parameters. Results Twelve articles of low quality met the selection criteria, of which 9 were graded C and 3 were graded D in terms of the methodological quality. A negative correlation was found between the decreasing rate of normal oven use and the decreasing rate of dental fluorosis as well as of urine fluorine (Pearson correlation coefficient r = – 0.87, – 0.63, Plt;0.01, lt;0.05, respectively). Analysis also revealed a positive correlation between room heat preservation and the decreasing rate of dental fluorosis as well as of normal oven use (the two Spearman correlation coefficients and P values were the same: r = –1.00, Plt;0.01). Conclusion High-quality studies on the effect of improved oven for defluorination in China are not available. Based on the current evidence, the improved oven for defluorination and the correct use, maintenance and house rebuilding for heat preservation may help to prevent fluorosis.
Prevention and treatment of traumatic neuroma by implanting the proximal neural stump into the muscle were studied. Sixteen SD rats were used for the experimental study. The proximal stump of the left sciatic nerve was implanted into the nearby muscle as the experiment side, whereas the proximal stump of the right sciatic nerve was left untreated as the control side. The results were assessed with histological and electrophysiological methods. The experiment demonstrated that neuroma was formed in the control side one month postoperatively, whereas in the experimental side the nerve fibers were dispersed among the muscle fibers and no definite neuroma was formed. Implantation of neural stump into muscle could prevent and treat traumatic neuroma.
目的 探討胰性腦病的可能的發病機制、發病情況及防治措施.方法 計算機檢索中文科技期刊全文數據庫(1989～2004),收集有關胰性腦病的臨床研究,并進行統計分析.結果 共納入43篇文獻,435例患者.胰性腦病在重癥急性胰腺炎中的發病率遠高于輕癥急性胰腺炎;發病年齡趨向中、老年;病死率為43.67%;病因仍以膽系疾病為主;伴發低氧的幾率不高于未并發胰性腦病患者.結論 胰性腦病的發生可能是多因素共同作用的結果,仍需進一步探討其發病機制.血清髓鞘堿性蛋白有望成為有價值的診斷指標.防治以治療原發病急性胰腺炎為主,重在預防.胰酶抑制劑和早期營養支持有一定預防作用.
Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) is commonly used to treat arrhythmias. The amount of CIED implantation has increased year by year since its first application in 1958. At the same time, the CIED infection rate also increases significantly. Although the infection rate is very low for the primary implantation, the consequences of CIED infection are serious, and it is often necessary to remove the equipment for treatment. The mortality rate in patients with CIED infections is high, and the economic burden is huge. In this paper, the epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathogen, manifestations and diagnosis, risk factors, treatment and preventive measures of CIED infection were systematically described based on the recently published guidelines and international consensus literature, so as to provide theoretical guidance for the prevention of CIED infections.
It has been certificated that hip and knee arthroplasty can improve quality of life and relieving pain and discomfort for ageing population and patients with muscloskeletal disorders. However, the outcomes of prosthetic joint infections (PJI) after arthroplasty usually are disastrous. The incidence of PJI is lower, but the number of this population is huge, which makes the strong impacts on quality of life for patients and healthcare economics. This review discusses the prevention strategies of PJI based on clinical epidemiology, diagnostic definition, pathogenesis, microbiology and risk factors, combined with some guidelines for prevention surgical site infections published recently.
Objective To analysis the common reasons for failure in orthotopic liver transplantation during preliminary experiment and propose the preventive. Methods One hundred and twenty cases in preliminary experiment using modified Kamada “two-cuff” method of orthotopic liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. Results The causes of failure included： lengthening of anhepatic phase (66 cases)， failed anastomosis of suprahepatic inferior vena cava (61 cases)， failed anastomosis of infrahepatic inferior vena cava (17 cases), failed anastomosis of portal vein (12 cases), unsatisfied anesthesia (8 cases). Succeed in 21 cases (17.50%, 21/120). Conclusion Improve the microsurgical operation techniques, particularly the anastomosis of suprahepatic inferior vena cava, can increase the success rate in orthotopic liver transplantation.
Cochrane系統評價證據表明,口服替代治療能降低阿片類藥癮者HIV的血液傳播.使用避孕套可有效預防HIV的性傳播,同時聯合其他一些干預措施可進一步降低個人感染HIV的風險.對于貧困人口和不發達地區,孕婦短程服用奈韋拉平是防治母嬰傳播最現實有效的方法;而基于發達國家的研究表明,剖腹產、母乳替代品可能是有效的干預.病毒逆轉錄酶抑制劑是初期治療HIV感染的有效方法.特效藥對于減少艾滋病相關的機會感染是必需的.積極的體育鍛煉已被證實是提高艾滋病人生存和生活質量的有效手段.
Objective To investigate the correlated risk factors of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after the laparoscopic surgery. Methods Clinical records of 16 patients with DVT and 148 patients without DVT after laparoscopic surgery in Huashan hospital from Mar.2007 to Jan.2008 were analyzed retrospectively. Results There were several factors which could induce DVT after the laparoscopic surgery, including operation time ＞1 h 〔OR=4.15 （95% CI： 1.36-12.68）〕, operative site located in hypogastrium 〔OR=2.94 （95% CI： 1.07-8.08）〕 and the number of high risk factors ≥3 〔OR=3.94 （95% CI： 1.38-11.23）〕. Conclusions The long time of operation， hypogastric operation of laparoscopic surgery and high risk factors could induce DVT. Prevention measures should be made in preoperative period.
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health concerns worldwide. Since the development of precision medicine, the filed regarding TB control and prevention has been brought into the era of precision medicine. Although great progress has been achieved in the accurate diagnosis, treatment and management of TB patients, we have to face several challenges. We should seize the opportunity, and develop and improve novel measures in TB prevention on the basis of precision medicine. The accurate diagnosis criteria, treatment regimen and management of TB patients should be carried out according to the standard of precision medicine. We aim to improve the treatment of TB patients and prevent the transmission of TB in the community, thereby contributing to the achievement of the End TB Strategy by 2035.
Objective To investigate the application of air leak test combined with methylene blue solution leak test in the detection of anastomotic leakage after total mesorectal excision （TME） in rectal cancer. Methods In total of132 patients with rectal cancer underwent Dixon according to TME in our hospital from Mar. 2010 to Mar. 2013 were enrolled. All patients were randomly divided into air leak test group （n=65） and air leak＋methylene blue solution leak test group （n=67）. The intestinal anastomosis of patients in air leak test group were clamped at 2 cm from the upper endof bowel， then injecting 500 mL distilled water to pelvic， and placing 24# Foley catheter through the anus. The catheter balloon was injected with water to close anus， and then injected with 50 mL gas to find the anastomotic leakage where bubbles happened， and then repaired it. Patients of air leak＋methylene blue solution leak test group were treated with methylene blue solution test in addition. After sucking out of the distilled water in pelvic and gas in the rectum， 1 bottle of methylene blue solution （20 mg） and 50 mL saline were injected， observing the location where the methylene blue solutionleaking out and repaired it. Results Three cases （4.62%） of anastomotic leakage were found during operation in air leak test group， and 9 cases （13.85%） were found after operation. Of the 9 cases， 5 cases were cured with placement of adeq-uate drainage and symptomatic treatment， 3 cases were cured with anal patch， and 1 case was cured with transverse colon fistula and drainage. In total of 15 cases （22.39%） were found anastomotic leakage， 2 cases of them were found by air leak test and another 13 cases were found by methylene blue solution leak test during operation in air leak＋methylene bluesolution leak test group， but no one suffered anastomotic leakage after operation. Compared with air test group， detectionrate of anastomotic leakage during operation was higher （P＜0.05）， and incidence rate of anastomotic leakage after opera-tion was lower in air leak＋methylene blue solution leak test group （P＜0.05）. Conclusions Large anastomotic leakage can be found by using air leak test， and small and hidden leakage can be found by using methylene blue solution leak test， combination method of the two experiments is better. Repair can be performed effectively under direct vision.