ObjectiveTo analyze the trends of incidence, mortality, and burden of disease of cervical cancer in Chinese females from 1990 to 2019.MethodsThe global burden of disease database (GBD) and China health statistics yearbook data was used to analyze the incidence, standardized incidence, mortality, standardized mortality, urban and rural mortality, and burden of cervical cancer among Chinese females using Excel, SPSS 21.0 and Joinpoint Regression Program 4.8.0.1.ResultsThe standardized incidence of cervical cancer among Chinese females increased from 9.21/100 000 in 1990 to 12.06/100 000 in 2019, and the standardized mortality decreased from 8.40/100 000 to 7.36/100 000. The standardized mortality of cervical cancer in 2018 decreased when compared with 2015 in both urban and rural areas. Changes in age-group incidence and mortality indicated that there was a younger trend in cervical cancer. The disease burden indicators (DALY, YLL, and YLD) were increased from 86.49, 84.01, and 1.52 ten thousand person/years to 162.22, 157.40, and 4.83 ten thousand person/years, in which the YLD increased the most (217.76%). The APC of DALY, YLL and YLD were 2.39%, 2.56% and 4.25%, respectively. The proportion of cervical cancer disease burden in female cancer increased in 2019 compared with 1990. And DALY, YLL and YLD increased in the age group of 40 or over, in which DALY of the age group 50-54 increased 167.15%.ConclusionsThe situation of cervical cancer is not optimistic in China. Although the mortality of cervical cancer has decreased in recent years, the number of cases and mortalities is still increasing. Not only the burden of disease is continuously increasing, there is also a younger trend in cervical cancer. Active preventive measures should be taken to reduce the burden of cervical cancer.
ObjectivesTo estimate the latest burden of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for liver cancer in China and the long-term trend, and to make future prediction.MethodsBased on the visualization platform of Global Burden of Disease 2016, data on the DALYs for liver cancer in China was extracted. The very recent status in 2016 and the previous trend from 1990 to 2016 were described, using annualized rate of change (ARC). The burden from 2017 to 2050 was further predicted by combining the ARC and the Chinese population data projected by the United Nation.ResultsIn 2016, the total DALYs for liver cancer in China was estimated as 11 539 000 person years (accounting for 54.6% of the global burden), and years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) contributed 98.9% and 1.1%, respectively. The age-standardized DALY rate was 844.1 per 100 000 (3.0 times of the global average) and the male-to-female ratio was 3.4. The DALY rate continuously increased from 1990–2016 (ARC=0.57%), particularly in recent 5 years (ARC=1.75%). Among the DALYs for all cancers, liver cancer contributed approximately 20% and constantly remained as the top 2 (ranking as the number one before year 2005). There were inverse trends in gender, with increasing in males and decreasing in females (ARC was 0.77% and –0.11%, respectively). Hepatitis B infection continually kept the leading cause of DALYs for liver cancer (accounting for nearly 57%), and the DALY rate was gradually increasing (ARC=0.43%). Although the peak age of DALY rate was stable at 65to 69 years, the peak age of the DALYs changed from 55 to 59 years in 1990 to 60 ~ 64 years in 2016. In 2050, the estimated DALYs for liver cancer in China will reach 14.37 million person years, 20.0% more than that in 2017.ConclusionsThe DALYs caused by liver cancer in China exceeds the overall burden of all other countries in the world, and accounts for 1/5 of DALYs for all cancers in local population. The burden in males has been continuously rising, and the leading cause remained unchanged as hepatitis B infection. With population aging, the DALYs for liver cancer in China will be incessant to increase, suggesting the necessity to implement continuous effort in risk factors prevention (e.g. hepatitis B infection), and efficient management in high risk population of liver cancer.
ObjectiveTo analyze the trend of disease burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) in China from 1990 to 2019.MethodsData was obtained from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life year (DALY), years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and their corresponding standardized rate and annual average percentage change (AAPC) were used to describe the changes of disease burden of colorectal cancer in Chinese population between 1990 and 2019.ResultsCompared with 1990, the number of new cases, standardized incidence, the number of deaths and standardized mortality of CRC in China in 2019 increased by 474.03%, 144.01%, 230.14%, and 36.15%, respectively. The standardized mortality and standardized incidence of CRC in China had reached and gradually exceeded the global level since 2010. From 1990 to 2019, the overall standard incidence (AAPC=3.6%, P<0.05), standard mortality rate (AAPC=1.4%, P<0.05), and the standard DALY rate (AAPC=1.2%, P<0.05) of CRC in China showed an increasing trend. The incidence, mortality and DALY rates of males were higher than those of females, and gradually increased with age. Compared with 1990, the DALY, YLL, and YLD of CRC in 2019 increased by 134.3%, 127.69%, and 445.00%, and their corresponding standardized rates increased by 30.53%, 27.03%, and 187.29%, respectively, showing an overall upward trend.ConclusionsFrom 1990 to 2019, the standardized incidence rate and standardized mortality rate of colorectal cancer in China have had a continuously increasing trend, and males and the elderly are high-risk groups. To reduce the burden of colorectal cancer in China, effective measures should be taken for prevention and management.
ObjectiveTo investigate the burden of disease in Xinjin county of Chengdu city from 2009 to 2010. so as to provide baseline data for the study on the healthcare service system. MethodsThe prevalence of diseases among outpatients and inpatients in Xinjin county was collected and then analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2003 and SPSS 13.0 software. Resultsa) The numbers of out-patient and in-patients with the top 20 diseases had been increased by 106.8% and 43.2%, respectively in 2010 than those in 2009. According to International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10, the diagnosis of the diseases involved in 11 types of diseases among outpatients. For out-patients, the top 3 categories were diseases of respiratory, digestive systems and injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes, accounting for 85.06% and 82.69% of total diseases in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Among them, upper respiratory infections, acute bronchitis and superficial injury cumulatively accounted for 61.61% in 2009 and 59.53% in 2010. b) The diagnosis of the diseases involved in 12 types of diseases among in-patients. For in-patients, the top 4 categories were diseases of the respiratory system, pregnancy, disease during childbirth and puerperium, digestive and the circulatory systems. Among them, the diseases of the respiratory system accounted for 53.55% and 50.82% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The top 4 diseases among in-patients were acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, COPD, and acute gastritis, accounting for 48.12% and 49.54% cumulatively in 2009 and 2010. Meanwhile, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes increased dramatically into the top 10 diseases. c) The acute diseases were mainly distributed in township hospitals, while the chronic diseases were mainly distributed in county-level hospitals. ConclusionThe major burden of diseases is the diseases of the respiratory, digestive and circulatory diseases in Xinjin county of Chengdu city from 2009 to 2010. The chronic diseases are mainly distributed in county-level hospitals, while the acute diseases are mainly distributed in township hospitals or community healthcare centres. The common diseases are relatively stable which provide better conditions for the selection and use of the essential medical services and essential medicine list.
ObjectiveTo analyze the variation trend of high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) attribution disease burden in China from 1990 to 2019. MethodsThe burden of disease indicators from Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019), such as death attributable to high LDL-C, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), and years lost to disability (YLDs) were extracted. The age was standardized using GBD 2019 global standard population, and the trend of rates with the annual percentage change (APC) was analyzed. ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the disease burden of high LDL-C increased with age in China. The mortality rate, DALYs rate and YLLs rate of males were higher than those of females, while the YLDs rate of males was lower than that of females. Joinpoint regression results showed that from 1990 to 2019, the high LDL-C attribution mortality rate (APC=3.4%, P<0.05), DALYs rate (APC=2.4%, P<0.05), YLLs rate (APC=2.4%, P<0.05), YLDs rate (APC = 2.9%, P<0.05), the standardized mortality rate (APC=0.8%, P<0.05) and the standardized YLDs rate (APC=0.7%, P<0.05) all increased in China. Regarding age, the mortality rate, DALYs rate and YLLs rate increased in the age group over 70 years old, while the YLDs rate increased significantly in the age group over 45 years old. ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2019, the burden of disease attributable to high LDL-C in China has become increasingly heavy, and the burden varies according to gender and age.
ObjectiveTo analyze the trends and major risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) disease burden by gender in China and globally from 1990 to 2021, and to predict ICH incidence and mortality in China and globally by gender from 2022 to 2046. MethodsBased on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021), data on ICH in China and globally from 1990 to 2021 were collected. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASDR) were used to assess ICH disease burden and risk factors by gender. Joinpoint regression models were employed to calculate annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) for trend analysis. The Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was applied to predict ICH incidence and mortality from 2022 to 2046. ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR for ICH in China and globally showed declining trends across genders (P<0.05). For males in China and globally, the AAPC for ASIR was ?1.63% (95%CI ?1.69% to ?1.57%) and ?1.14% (95%CI ?1.20% to ?1.07%), respectively. For females in China and globally, the AAPC for ASIR was ?2.27% (95%CI ?2.35% to ?2.18%) and ?1.40% (95%CI ?1.40% to ?1.33%), respectively. The AAPC for ASMR in Chinese and global males was ?1.81% (95%CI ?2.07% to ?1.55%) and ?1.29% (95%CI ?1.43% to ?1.15%), respectively, while for females in China and globally, it was ?2.74% (95%CI ?2.94% to ?2.54%) and ?1.69% (95%CI ?1.82% to ?1.55%), respectively. The AAPC for ASDR in Chinese and global males was ?1.91% (95%CI ?2.11% to ?1.72%) and ?1.39% (95%CI ?1.52% to ?1.26%), respectively, and for females in China and globally, it was ?2.93% (95%CI ?3.07% to ?2.79%) and ?1.85% (95%CI ?1.96% to ?1.74%), respectively. By 2046, the predicted ASIR for ICH in Chinese and global males is projected to be 38.08/100 000 and 44.23/100 000, respectively, and 28.27/100 000 and 29.15/100 000 for Chinese and global females. The ASMR is predicted to reach 37.01/100 000 and 68.57/100 000 for Chinese and global males, and 22.39/100 000 and 29.45/100 000 for Chinese and global females, respectively. ConclusionThe disease burden of ICH in China has demonstrated a declining trend, yet it persistently exceeds global averages and exhibits pronounced gender disparities. There is an urgent need to enhance focus on these gender?specific variations and implement precisely targeted interventions tailored to the distinct risk factor profiles of each gender, in order to achieve further reductions in ICH?related disease burden.
Health technology assessment (HTA) is becoming more and more popular recently. For populations in China that share at least half of the global disease burden of liver cancer, it is extremely vital to give rise to an efficient secondary prevention strategy. The China central government launched liver cancer screening program in rural areas in 2005, and then extended to populations in urban in 2012. The studies of health technology assessment of liver cancer screening are based on available evidence, from an HTA perspective, aims to evaluate performance of liver screening, economic burden and cost-effectiveness and some other issues, in order to raise suggestions for possible directions in research and public health program related to liver cancer screening in China.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the disease burden of pancreatitis in China from 1990 to 2019 and to provide references for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis. MethodsThe data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). The incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and their corresponding age-standardized rate, and annual average percentage change (AAPC) were selected as the main indicators to compare the burden of pancreatitis in China, the United States and globally from 1990 to 2019. ResultsIn 2019, the age-standardized incidence, mortality, DALY, YLL, and YLD rates in China were 26.76/100 000, 0.59/100 000, 16.09/100 000, 14.61/100 000, and 1.48/100 000, respectively, and decreased by 8.94%, 45.33%, 49.12%, 50.98%, and 18.49%, respectively, compared with those in 1990. The burden of pancreatitis in China gradually increased with age, but was lower than that in the United States and globally. The DALY due to alcohol continually increased in China, the United States, and globally. ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2019, the burden of pancreatitis in China shows a decreasing trend and is lower than that in the United States and globally. However, the disease burden caused by alcohol and aging is increasing; therefore, effective measurements to alleviate the burden of pancreatitis in China are needed.
ObjectiveTo analyze the burden of digestive diseases attributed to smoking in China from 1990 to 2019 and forecast its change in the next 10 years. MethodsThe Global Burden of Disease database 2019 was used to analyze the burden of digestive diseases attributed to smoking in China from 1990 to 2019. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the time variation trend. A time series model was used to predict the burden of digestive diseases attributable to smoking over the next 10 years. ResultsIn 2019, there were 12 900 deaths from digestive diseases attributed to smoking in China, with a DALY of 398 600 years, a crude death rate of 0.91/100 000 and a crude DALY rate of 28.02/100 000. The attributed standardized mortality rate was 0.69 per 100 000, and the standardized DALY rate was 19.79 per 100 000, which was higher than the global level. In 2019, the standardized mortality rate and DALY rate of males were higher than those of females (1.48/ 100 000 vs. 0.11/ 100 000, 38.42/ 100 000 vs. 293/100 000), and the standardized rates of males and females showed a downward trend over time. In 2019, both mortality and DALY rates from digestive diseases attributed to smoking increased with age. ARIMA predicts that over the next 10 years, the burden of disease in the digestive system caused by smoking will decrease significantly. ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2019, the burden of digestive diseases attributed to smoking showed a decreasing trend in China, and the problem of disease burden is more serious in men and the elderly population. A series of effective measures should be taken to reduce the smoking rate in key groups. The burden of digestive diseases caused by smoking will be significantly reduced in the next 10 years.
ObjectiveTo estimate the level and evolving pattern of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) burden from 1990 to 2019. MethodsThe related data of PUD from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from GBD 2019 database. The corresponding age-standardized rate, annual percentage change, average annual percentage change were calculated and analyzed by Excel and R software. ResultsThe global standardized prevalence of PUD was 99.4/100 000 (95%CI 83.9 to 117.5) in 2019, and decreased from 143.4/100 000 (95%CI 120.5 to 170.2) in 1990. The standardized disability-adjusted disease years (DALYs) rate was 74.4 (95%CI 69.0 to 81.9) in 2019. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) from 1990 to 2019 was ?3.47% (95%CI ?3.58 to ?3.37), indicating that the standardized DALYs rate was declining. The prevalence and DALYs of PUD increased with age. The standardized DALYs rate was higher in males than in females in the same age group. Sociodemographic index (SDI) was negatively correlated with the standardized prevalence of PUD (R=?0.45, P<2.2e?16) and the standardized DALYs rate (R=?0.79, P<2.2e?16). ConclusionThe worldwide burden of PUD declined from 1990 to 2019, but the decline had begun to slow or pause in countries with better economic development levels.