Objective To summarize the research progress of distributional heterogeneity of the molecular pathology characteristics in breast cancer. Methods The related literatures about the distribution of the molecular pathology characteristics in breast cancer were reviewed. Results The breast cancer had the same heterogeneity as other cancers. At the same time, the molecular pathology characteristics, such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki-67, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), had the distributional heterogeneity. The distributional heterogeneity of molecular pathology characteristics in breast cancer could effect the pathologic diagnosis, the treatment, and the prognosis. Conclusion Although there are some new techniques which were used to investigate the heterogeneity of breast cancer, but each way has some problems. The more attention should be paid to the research about the distributional heterogeneity of the molecular pathology characteristics in breast cancer.
ObjectiveTo study the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and Ki-67 in the invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of breast and to analyze its clinical significance. MethodsImmunohistochemical SP method was performed to detect the expressions of COX-2 and Ki-67 in 82 cases of IDC of breast and corresponding tumor-adjacent normal breast tissues, and the relationship of these expressions to clinicopathologic characteristics was analyzed. Results①The positive rates of COX-2 and Ki-67 protein expressions in the IDC of breast tissues were significantly higher than those in the corresponding tumor-adjacent normal breast tissue [COX-2:71.95%(59/82) versus 8.54%(7/82), χ2=68.56, P < 0.001;Ki-67:64.63%(53/82) versus 13.42%(11/82), χ2=45.20, P < 0.001].②The positive rates of COX-2 and Ki-67 protein expressions were positively correlated with TNM staging (COX-2:rs=0.349, P < 0.05;Ki-67:rs=0.305, P < 0.05), lymph node metastasis (COX-2:rs=0.336, P < 0.05;Ki-67:rs=0.419, P < 0.01), vascular invasion (COX-2:rs=0.235, P < 0.05;Ki-67:rs=0.461, P < 0.01), and histological grade (COX-2:rs=0.434, P < 0.01;Ki-67:rs=0.378, P < 0.05).The positive rate of Ki-67 protein expression was positively correlated with tumor diameter (rs=0.365, P < 0.01), but the positive rate of COX-2 protein expression wasn't correlated with it (rs=0.135, P > 0.05).The positive rates of COX-2 and Ki-67 protein expressions weren't correlated with menstrual status (COX-2:rs=0.172, P > 0.05;Ki-67:rs=0.163, P > 0.05).③The positive rate of COX expression was positively correlated with the positive rate of ki-67 expression (rs=0.475, P < 0.01). ConclusionsThere are high-expressions of COX-2 and Ki-67 in IDC of breast.COX-2 and Ki-67 are significantly correlated with the clinicopathologic characteristics in IDC of breast.Combined detection of COX-2 and Ki-67 might calculate the biological behaviors of IDC of breast.COX-2 might be a target of molecular targeted therapy to breast cancer.
ObjectiveTo explore the expression of Ki-67 antigen in the breast cancer tissues and to evaluate the relationship of the expression to biology behavior as well as prognosis of breast cancer. MethodLiteratures about relation between Ki-67 and breast cancer were reviewed. ResultsThe expression of Ki-67 in the breast cancer tissue was obviously higher than that in the adjacent to cancer tissue or normal breast tissue. The Ki-67 positive expression rate was positively correlated with pathology classification and clinical stage of breast cancer, the correlation was not consistent about the expression of Ki-67 and axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. ConclusionsKi-67 is a cell proliferation nuclear antigen related to cell cycle, and its expression changes along with the change of cell cycle, it has been employed as a reliable marker of cell proliferation. The expression of Ki-67 has an important significance in early diagnosis and guiding of neoadjuvant chemotherapy as well as prognosis of breast cancer.
Objective To investigate the effects of chitosan on the cell cycle of the human fibroblasts and on the Ki-67 antigen expression in vitro and to investigate the mechanism of chitosan preventing the postoperative tissue adhesion. Methods The cultured fibroblasts were treated for 48 hours with 0，0.01，0.1，1.0，10.0 mg/ml of chitosan, respectively;then, the cell cycle of the fibroblasts was measured by the flow cytometry. The cultured fibroblasts were treated for 24 hours with the chitiosan at the above concentrations; then, the Ki-67 antigen in the cell nucleus was detected with the immunohistochemical staining toobserve its expression. Results The growth of the fibroblastswas obviously suppressed by chitosan, especially in the cell morphology. When the concentrations of chitosan were 1.0 mg/ml and 10.0 mg/ml, the percentages of the fibroblasts in the proliferation stage were 32.3%±5.2% and 14.7%±2.9%, respectively,which were significantly smaller than the percentage of the fibroblasts when the concentration of chitosan was 0 mg/ml (the control group) (41.9%±5.8%， P＜0.05). When the concentrations were 0.01 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml, the percentages of the fibroblasts in the proliferation stage were 39.0%±6.0% and 35.5%±3.4%, respectively, which were smaller than that of the control, but not significantly different from that of the control (P＞0.05). When the concentrations of chitosan were 0.1 mg/ml,1.0 mg/ml and 10.0 mg/ml, the percentages of the fibroblasts that had the positiveKi-67 antigen were 37.3%±3.4%, 30.5%±6.2% and 17.8%±3.0%，respectively, which were significantly smaller than that of the control (57.6%±8.9%， P＜0.05). When the concentration was 0.01 mg/ml, the percentage of the fibroblasts that had the positive Ki-67 antigen was 54.1%±8.0%, which was smaller than that of the control, but not significantly different from that of the control (P＞0.05). ConclusionChitosan can inhibit the proliferation of the fibroblasts and increase the percentage of the fibroblasts in the quiescent stage, which can be considered as one of the mechanisms that chitosan can prevent the postoperative tissueadhesion.
Objective To evaluate the clinical and histopathological features of diffuse choroidal melanoma. Methods The clinical and histopathological data of 11 patients with diffuse choroidal melanoma were reviewed retrospectively. Those patients were referred to Tianjin Eye Hospital because of visual loss or ophthalmalgia (10 cases), or Coats disease with secondary glaucoma and atrophy bulbi (1 case). The clinical disgnosis included choroidal tumor or melanoma (8 cases), absolutestage glaucoma (2 cases) and atrop hy bulbi with Coats disease (1 case). Nine patients received enucleation, and 2 patients received enucleation combined with orbital exenteration. The cellular proliferation was assessed by Ki-67staining. Results All 11 tumors had grown flatly with a wide base ranged from 12 to 20 mm, and tumor thickness ranged from 2 to 4 mm. There were 9 cases of mixed cell type, 1 case of epithelioid cell type and 1 case of necrotic cell type. The tumors invaded into the sclera in 7 cases and orbital cavity in 3 cases. Secondary glaucoma was found in 7 cases. On average, 9% (7%13%) of tumor cells were Ki67 positive and most of them located at the tumor base. There were more Ki67 positive epithelioid tumor cells than Ki67 positive spindle-shaped cells. Conclusions Diffuse choroidal melanoma had a special growth pattern and is difficult to be recognized, sometimes could be misdiagnosed as glaucoma or other choroidal tumors. With its wide base, this tumor could easily invade the orbit and metastate, and its prognosis is very poor.
ObjectiveTo detect 5-FU concentration and investigate the changes of pathology， and Ki-67 protein expression after intraoperative regional chemotherapy (RC) for colon cancer. MethodsAll the patients were randomized into two groups: RC group (n=20), received intraoperational RC with 100 ml physiological saline contained 5-FU (15 mg/kg) and camptothecine (0.06 mg/kg)； control group (n=20), saline alone. The samples from portal vein blood, peripheral blood, peritoneal fluid， and peri-cancerous tissues in RC group were taken to detect the 5-FU concentration by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively at 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes after treatment. The pathological changes were observed and Ki-67 protein expressions were examined by immunohistochemical staining for all the cancer tissues postoperatively in two groups. ResultsPeak concentration of 5-FU appeared at 2 min after treatment, and decreased gradually. 5-FU concentration in peritoneal fluid was the highest, and the lowest in the peripheral blood (Plt;0.01). In RC group， light karyopyknosis, nuclear swelling, and coagulative necrosis of cancer cells, and light intercellular substance hydropsia, inflammatory cells invasion were observed under light microscopic examination; light vasculitis presented also in five cases. Nuclear swelling, heterochromatin agglutination, perinuclear gap expansion, mitochondrial swelling, endoplasmic reticulum expansion, and Golgi complex expansion were observed with transmission electron microscope. Ki-67 protein expression of colon cance tissues in RC group was lower than that in control group （Plt;0.05）. Conclusions Intraoperative RC for colon cancer may sustain a high concentration of chemotherapy drugs in peritoneal fluid and portal vein blood, and alter histopathological morphology of cancer cells, and suppress Ki-67 protein expression. So, intraoperative RC may play an important role in preventing intraoperative spreading and postoperative recurrence of colon cancer.
Abstract： Objective To investigate the expression and correlation of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten(PTEN)， epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) and Ki-67 in human thymic tumors, and their possible role in tumor genesis， infiltration and metastasis. Methods The expression of PTEN， EGFR and Ki-67 were detected by using SP immunohistochemical technique in 45 cases of thymic tumors and 5 cases of normal thymic tissues. Results In 5 cases of normal thymic tissues, the expression of PTEN was bly positive, whereas EGFR and Ki -67 were weakly positive or negative. In 45 cases of thymic tumors, the positive ratio of PTEN were significantly reduced from benign thymoma， invasive thymoma to thymic carcinoma (χ2=7.808, P=0.020), but the positive ratio of EGFR and Ki-67 were gradually increased(χ2=8.032, 0.018，7.006；P=0.030). The positive ratio of PTEN， EGFR and Ki-67 protein were significantly related to Levine classification, Masaoka staging and lymph node metastasis (Plt;0.05). PTEN positive cases were negatively correlated with EGFR and Ki-67(r=－0.632，－0.653；Plt;0.01), EGFR positive cases were positively correlated with Ki-67 in thymic tumors(r=0.807,Plt;0.01). Conclusions Reduced or absent PTEN and increased EGFR and Ki-67 expression might play an important role in the genesis， invasiveness and metastasis of thymic tumors. The expression of PTEN is bly associated with the expression of abnormal EGFR and Ki-67. Detection of the three protein expressions simultaneously might be more helpful in making an early diagnosis of the tumors jndgement of theirs malignant degree，invasiveness and metastasis capacity, as well as the prognosis.
ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between primary pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma (PPMA) mass type and pneumonia type and their difference in malignant degree, and to analyze the role of clinical manifestations and CT features in the diagnosis of this disease. MethodsThe clinical data of PPMA patients admitted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from May 2011 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to CT features, they were divided into a mass type group and a pneumonia type group. The clinical manifestations, CT features and the degree of malignancy between the two groups were analyzed and compared. ResultsA total of 57 PPMA patients were enrolled. There were 17 males and 40 females, with an average age of (53.82±10.65) years, and 28 (49%) patients had reversed hato-like sign. There were 42 patients in the mass type group and 15 patients in the pneumonia type group. PPMA often occurs in both lower lungs, with clinical manifestations mainly of coughing and expectorating white mucoid sputum. There were statistical differences between the two groups in the maximum diameter of tumor (P<0.001), boundary condition (P<0.001) and pleural indentation sign (P=0.019). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in Ki-67 index (P>0.05). ConclusionThere is no statistical difference in the degree of malignancy between the two types of PPMA. Considering their clinical manifestations and differences in imaging features, it is supported that the pneumonia type is just a progression of the mass type. CT can present various manifestations, among which the reversed hato-like sign is expected to become an important imaging feature. Combined with a high proportion of solid components, pleural indentation sign, and vacuole sign, reversed hato-like sign can play a significant role in the diagnosis of PPMA.
Objective To detect the expressions of CK5/6 and Ki-67 in breast cancer， and explore the clinical significance. Methods The expressions of CK5/6 and Ki-67 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 162 cases of breast cancer . The correlation between CK5/6 expression and Ki-67 expression and the relationship of the expressions of two factors to the clinicopathologic factors were analyzed. Results There were 12 cases of the triple negative breast cancer 〔negative estrogen receptor （ER）， negative progesterone receptor （PR）， and negative Her-2〕 in 162 patients with breast cancer. The positive rates of CK5/6 and Ki-67 in the breast cancer tissues were 30.9% （50/162） and 65.4% （106/162），respectively. The positive rates of CK5/6 and Ki-67 in the patients with triple negative breast cancer were significantly higher than those of non-triple negative breast cancer 〔CK5/6：75.0% （9/12） versus 27.3% （41/150）， χ2=11.837， P=0.001；Ki-67：100% （12/12） versus 62.7% （94/150）， χ2=6.847， P=0.009〕. The expressions of CK5/6 and Ki-67 in the breast cancer tissues were not associated with age （P＞0.05）， but they were associated with histology grade （P＜0.05）. The expression of CK5/6 wasn’t associated with tumor size and lymph node status （P＞0.05）， but the expression of Ki-67 was associated with them （P＜0.05）. The expression of CK5/6 in the breast cancer tissue had a positive correlation with the expression of Ki-67 in the breast cancer tissue （rs=0.271， P=0.000）. There were 64 cases when the expression of Ki-67 was （＋＋） and （＋＋＋）， the positive rate of CK5/6 was 43.8% （28/64） and it was significantly higher than that when the expression of Ki-67 was （-） and （＋） 〔22.4% （22/98）， χ2=8.233， P=0.004〕. The positive expressions of CK5/6 and Ki-67 in the breast cancer tissues were negatively correlated with the expressions of ER and PR （CK5/6 and ER：rs=-0.446， P=0.000；CK5/6 and PR：rs=-0.370， P=0.000；Ki-67 and ER：rs=-0.518， P=0.000；Ki-67 and PR：rs=-0.515， P=0.000）. The positive expressions of CK5/6 and Ki-67 in the breast cancer tissue were not correlated with the Her-2 expression （CK5/6 and Her-2：rs=0.105， P=0.183；Ki-67 and Her-2：rs=0.068， P=0.393）. Conclusion The expressions of CK5/6 and Ki67 not only can evaluate the basic rules of breast cancer from origin and development， but also they are beneficial to choose the chemotherapy of different patients.
ObjectiveTo detect the expression of Ki-67 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and investigate its clinical significance. MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on PTC patients treated at West China Hospital of Sichuan University from August 2024 to February 2025. The relation between the Ki-67 expression in the postoperative pathological tissues and clinicopathologic features was analyzed. Additionally, the concordance of Ki-67 expression between the preoperative fine-needle aspiration samples and postoperative pathological tissues was evaluated by Bland-Altman analysis. The significance level was set at α=0.05. ResultsA total of 290 PTC patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Patients with classical PTC, M1 classification, TNM stage Ⅳ, and those achieving thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression targets at one month postoperatively had higher Ki-67 expression than those with follicular variant PTC, M0 classification, TNM stages Ⅰ–Ⅲ, or inadequate TSH suppression (all P＜0.05). No significant differences were observed in other subgroups (P>0.05). Furthermore, Bland-Altman analysis of 27 paired samples showed a mean bias of 1.269% between preoperative and postoperative measurements. Elevated variability occurred in high Ki-67 cases, with 11.1% (3/27) exceeding ±6% limits of agreement. ConclusionsThe study demonstrates that Ki-67 expression correlates with malignant attributes including tumor aggression and advanced disease. It may serve as a prognostic biomarker for assessing malignant potential in PTC.