Objective To investigate the association between types of rapid eye movements during sleep and ICD-10 as a mothod for diagnosing depression. Methods Depression was diagnosed according to ICD-10 and changes of 9 variables of REM sleep in 120 psychiatric outpatients and inpatients by calculating the Kappa values. Results In 120 psychiatric patients, 52 depressive patients were diagnosed by using ICD-10, and 58 patients were diagnosed as depression according to decreased REM sleep latency and increased REM activity, REM intensity, REM density, and increasing amount of REM sleep. Kappa value was 0.73, Plt;0.05, which implied that these two diagnosing ways were significantly consistent. Conclusions Measuremen of REM sleep variable should be investigated further as a supplementary method for diagnosing depression.
Objective To investigate the expression of transforminggrowth factor β1(TGF-β1) and insulin-like growth factorⅠ(IGF-Ⅰ)in new bone after low frequency micromovement. Methods Fifteen female sheep from Shandong province were involved in the study and their bilateral tibias transversely osteotomized in the middle shafts with a defect of 2 mm.The hind limbs were fixed with unilateral external fixators connected to a controlled micromovement device. Ten days after osteotomy, one hind limb of each sheep randomlywas selected to perform micromovement at an amplitude of 0.25 mm and a frequency of 1 Hertz, 30 min a day for 4 weeks ( micromovement group). The other hindlimb served as the control group. Five sheep were sacrificed at 3,4 and 6 weeks after osteotomy, respectively, and specimens were harvested for detecting the expression of TGF-β1 and IGF-Ⅰby immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Results Immunohistochemistry: In the third postoperative week in the micromovement group, the expression of TGF-β1 was detected in different areas of new chondrocytes at the margin of callus, mainly in proliferating area, and IGF-Ⅰexpressed in osteoblasts at the margin of endochondral ossification area, calcified and mature chondrocytes and osteocytes. There was seldom expression ofIGF-Ⅰ and little expression of TGF-β1 in the corresponding area in the control one. In the 4th postoperative week in the micromovement group, theexpression of TGF-β1 diminished gradually with the mature of new bone and be located in extracellular matrix and osteoblasts around ossified areas; The expression ofIGF-Ⅰ reached the peak and be located mainly in osteoblasts of new bone surface, maturing osteocytes and calcifing osteoid. But there was little expression of them in the control group. In the sixth postoperative week in the micromovement group, there was a little expression of IGF-Ⅰ expression but little expression of TGF-β1; there was nearly no expression of them in the control group. In the micromovement group, the absorbance values of TGF-β1 at 3 and 4 weeksand of IGF-Ⅰat 3, 4 and 6 weeks were significantlyhigher than those in control group（P＜0.05）. RTPCR: In the third and fourth postoperative weeks in the micromovement group, there was higher expression of mRNA of TGF-β1 and TGF-I than those in control group; in the sixth postoperative week, the expression diminished gradually, but was higher than that in control group. The absorbance values of TGF-β1 at 3 and 4 weeks and IGF-Ⅰat 3, 4 and 6weeks were significantly higher than those of control group（P＜0.05）. Conclusion Low frequency and controlled micromovement in the early stage of the fracture healing can promote the expression of TGF-β1 and IGF-Ⅰ.They worked together to regulate the process of the endochondral ossification, while in the late stage the differentiation of osteocytes and mineralization of osteoid were regulated mainly by IGF-Ⅰ, which played an important role in regulating the cell biological behavior during micromovement.
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of miRNA-1 in denervated skeletal muscle at different periods, and to explore effects of passive movement on the expression of miRNA-1 and differentiation of myoblasts in denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rats. MethodsTwenty-seven Sprague Dawley rats, weighing (200±10) g, were randomly divided into sham-operated group (group A, n=3), denervated group (group B, n=12), and passive movement group (group C, n=12). After the right sciatic nerve was exposed and dissociated, the sciatic nerve of 1 cm in length was removed in groups B and C; resection was not performed in group A. At 1 day after operation, passive flexion and extension movement was performed on the right hind limb in group C. At 6 hours in group A and at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days in groups B and C, 3 rats were sacrificed to measure the wet weight ratio of gastrocnemius muscle, to observe the diameter of the gastrocnemius muscle cell and evaluate the muscle atrophy by HE staining; RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of miRNA-1 and myocyte differentiation factor (MyoD), and immunohistochemistry to determine the protein expression of MyoD. ResultsAtrophy in various degrees was observed in denervated gastrocnemius muscle of groups B and C. The muscle fiber arranged in disorder and the diameter of the muscle cells decreased gradually with the time, without normal structure and morphology. The wet weight ratio and the cell diameter of the gastrocnemius in groups B and C were significantly less than those in group A (P<0.05); the wet weight ratio at 7, 14, 28 days and the cell diameter at 7, 14 days of group B were significantly greater than those of group A (P<0.05). The expressions of miRNA-1 and MyoD mRNA gradually increased with time in groups B and C, but were significantly less than those of group A at each time point (P<0.05). At 7, 14, and 28 days after operation, the expressions of miRNA-1 and MyoD mRNA in group C were significantly higher than those in group B (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed positive expression of MyoD in groups A, B, and C at each time point, but higher expression was observed in groups B and C than group A; the expression increased with time in groups B and C, and it was significantly higher in group C than group B. The correlation analysis results showed that the overall change trend of miRNA-1 and MyoD had no relation with the gastrocnemius wet weight ratio at 3 and 7 days (P>0.05), and had positive correlation at 14 and 28 days (P<0.05); positive correlation was found between the relative expression of MyoD and miRNA-1 mRNA (P<0.05). ConclusionPassive movement can prevent amyotrophy by increasing the expression of miRNA-1 and promoting the differentiation of myoblasts.
ObjectiveTo observe the effect of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) on the proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMEC) under oxidative stress. MethodsThe hRMEC cultured in vitro were divided into control group, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) treatment group (4-HNE group), 4-HNE+BMP4 group (BMP4 group). Cell culture medium of 4-HNE treatment group was added with 10 μmmol/L 4-HNE; cell culture of BMP4 group was cultured with 10 μmmol/L 4-HNE, and after stimulation for 6 h, 100 ng/ml recombinant human BMP4 was added. The effects of 4-HNE and BMP4 on hRMEC viability was detected by thiazole blue colorimetric method. The effects of 4-HNE and BMP4 on cell migration was determined by cell scratch test. The relative expression of BMP4 mRNA in the cells of the control group and 4-HNE treatment group and the mRNA expression of the control group, the fibronectin (FN) of BMP4 group, laminin (Laminin), α-smooth muscle contractile protein (α-SMA), and collagen type Ⅰ (Collagen Ⅰ), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Western blot was used to detect the relative expression of BMP4 protein in the control group and 4-HNE group. The control group and 4-HNE group were compared by t test. ResultsCompared with the control group, cell viability (t=12.73, 16.26, P=0.000 2, <0.000 1), cell migration rate (t=28.17, 37.48, P<0.000 1, <0.000 1) in 4-HNE group and BMP4 group were significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant; the relative expression of BMP4 mRNA and protein in the 4-HNE group was significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant (t=16.36, 69.35, P=0.000 1, <0.000 1). The qRT-PCR test results showed that compared with the control group, the relative expression of VEGF, FN, Laminin, α-SMA, Collagen Ⅰ, and CTGF mRNA in the cells of the BMP4 group was significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant (t=10.61, 17.00, 14.85, 7.78, 12.02, 10.61, P=0.0004, <0.000 1, 0.000 1, 0.001 5, 0.000 1, 0.000 4). ConclusionBMP4 can induce the proliferation and migration of hRMEC; it can also regulate the expression of angiogenesis factors and fibrosis-related factors in hRMEC.
Objective To explore the effect of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) on the glycolysis level of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs). MethodsA experimental study. hRMECs cultured in vitro were divided into normal group, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) group (4-HNE group) and 4-HNE+BMP4 treatment group (BMP4 group). 4-HNE group cell culture medium was added with 10 μmmol/L 4-HNE; BMP4 group cell culture medium was added with recombinant human BMP4 100 ng/ml after 6 h stimulation with 10 μmol/L 4-HNE. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry. The effect of 4-HNE on the viability of cells was detected by thiazole blue colorimetry. Cell scratch test and Transwell cell method were used to determine the effect of 4-HNE on cell migration. The relative expression of BMP4 and SMAD9 mRNA and protein in normal group and 4-HNE group were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Seahorse XFe96 cell energy metabolism analyzer was used to determine the level of intracellular glycolysis metabolism in normal group, 4-HNE group and BMP4 group. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups. ResultsThe ROS levels in hRMECs of normal group, 4-HNE group and BMP4 group were 21±1, 815±5, 810±7, respectively. Compared with the normal group, the levels of ROS in the 4-HNE group and the BMP4 group were significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant (F=53.40, 50.30; P＜0.001). The cell viability in the normal group and 4-HNE group was 1.05±0.05 and 1.28±0.05, respectively; the migration rates were (0.148±0.005)%, (0.376±0.015)%; the number of cells passing through the pores were 109.0±9.6, 318.0±6.4, respectively. Compared with the normal group, the 4-HNE group had significantly higher cell viability, cell migration rate, and the number of cells passing through the pores, and the differences were statistically significant (F=54.35, 52.84, 84.35; P＜0.05). The relative expression levels of BMP4 and SMAD9 mRNA in the cells of the 4-HEN group were 1.680±0.039 and 1.760±0.011, respectively; compared with the normal group, the difference was statistically significant (F=53.66, 83.54; P＜0.05). The relative expression levels of BMP4 and SMAD9 proteins in the cells of the normal group and 4-HEN group were 0.620±0.045, 0.860±0.190, 0.166±0.049, 0.309±0.038, respectively; compared with the normal group, the differences were statistically significant (F=24.87, 53.84; P＜0.05). The levels of intracellular glycolysis, glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve in normal group, 4-HNE group and BMP4 group were 1.21±0.12, 2.84±0.24, 1.78±0.36, 2.59±0.11, 5.34±0.32, 2.78±0.45 and 2.64±0.13, 5.20±0.28, 2.66±0.33. Compared with the normal group, the differences were statistically significant (4-HNE group: F=86.34, 69.75, 58.45; P＜0.001; BMP4 group: F=56.87, 59.35, 58.35; P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in intracellular glycolysis, glycolysis capacity and glycolysis reserve level between 4-HNE group and BMP4 group (F=48.32, 56.33, 55.01; P＞0.05). ConclusionBMP4 induces the proliferation and migration of hRMECs through glycolysis.
When performing eye movement pattern classification for different tasks, support vector machines are greatly affected by parameters. To address this problem, we propose an algorithm based on the improved whale algorithm to optimize support vector machines to enhance the performance of eye movement data classification. According to the characteristics of eye movement data, this study first extracts 57 features related to fixation and saccade, then uses the ReliefF algorithm for feature selection. To address the problems of low convergence accuracy and easy falling into local minima of the whale algorithm, we introduce inertia weights to balance local search and global search to accelerate the convergence speed of the algorithm and also use the differential variation strategy to increase individual diversity to jump out of local optimum. In this paper, experiments are conducted on eight test functions, and the results show that the improved whale algorithm has the best convergence accuracy and convergence speed. Finally, this paper applies the optimized support vector machine model of the improved whale algorithm to the task of classifying eye movement data in autism, and the experimental results on the public dataset show that the accuracy of the eye movement data classification of this paper is greatly improved compared with that of the traditional support vector machine method. Compared with the standard whale algorithm and other optimization algorithms, the optimized model proposed in this paper has higher recognition accuracy and provides a new idea and method for eye movement pattern recognition. In the future, eye movement data can be obtained by combining it with eye trackers to assist in medical diagnosis.
The eye-computer interaction technology based on electro-oculogram provides the users with a convenient way to control the device, which has great social significance. However, the eye-computer interaction is often disturbed by the involuntary eye movements, resulting in misjudgment, affecting the users’ experience, and even causing danger in severe cases. Therefore, this paper starts from the basic concepts and principles of eye-computer interaction, sorts out the current mainstream classification methods of voluntary/involuntary eye movement, and analyzes the characteristics of each technology. The performance analysis is carried out in combination with specific application scenarios, and the problems to be solved are further summarized, which are expected to provide research references for researchers in related fields.
Robot rehabilitation has been a primary therapy method for the urgent rehabilitation demands of paralyzed patients after a stroke. The parameters in rehabilitation training such as the range of the training, which should be adjustable according to each participant’s functional ability, are the key factors influencing the effectiveness of rehabilitation therapy. Therapists design rehabilitation projects based on the semiquantitative functional assessment scales and their experience. But these therapies based on therapists’ experience cannot be implemented in robot rehabilitation therapy. This paper modeled the global human-robot by Simulink in order to analyze the relationship between the parameters in robot rehabilitation therapy and the patients’ movement functional abilities. We compared the shoulder and elbow angles calculated by simulation with the angles recorded by motion capture system while the healthy subjects completed the simulated action. Results showed there was a remarkable correlation between the simulation data and the experiment data, which verified the validity of the human-robot global Simulink model. Besides, the relationship between the circle radius in the drawing tasks in robot rehabilitation training and the active movement degrees of shoulder as well as elbow was also matched by a linear, which also had a remarkable fitting coefficient. The matched linear can be a quantitative reference for the robot rehabilitation training parameters.
ObjectiveTo observe the effect of ultra early joint movement onthe rehabilitation of shoulder joint function in patients with breast cancer who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND).MethodsA total of 100 patients with breast cancer who underwent ALND between August 2018 and December 2019 in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University were randomly divided into the early movement group (n=50) and the ultra early movement group (n=50). Both groups received early rehabilitation intervention as recommended by the guidelines. Patients in the early movement group started the shoulder joint movement training on the 7th day after surgery, and patients in the ultra early movement group started the shoulder joint movement training on the 3rd day after surgery, 3 times a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. The changes in pain and drainage volume 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks after surgery and the changes of shoulder joint range of motion 1 week, 2 weeks , and 3 weeks after surgery were compared between the two groups, changes in shoulder function and quality of life 1 week and 3, 6, and 12 weeks after surgery were compared by the Constant-Murley and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-form Health Survey (SF-36) scales, respectively.ResultsThree days, 1 week, and 2 weeks after surgery, no significant difference in the pain scores or drainage volumes was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). One week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks after operation, the motion ranges of shoulder abduction, flexion, and external rotation in the ultra early movement group were significantly better than those in the early movement group (P<0.05), and the motion range of shoulder internal rotation 1 week after operation in the ultra early movement group was significantly better than that in the early movement group (P<0.05). One week and 3, 6, and 12 weeks after operation, the Constant-Murley scores in the ultra early movement group were 25.9±4.3, 55.4±5.3, 64.6±4.5, and 73.3±4.6, respectively, which were better than those in the early movement group (21.3±3.8, 48.9±7.8, 57.3±4.7, and 70.7±3.0, respectively; P<0.05). No significant difference in the SF-36 scale scores was observed between the two groups (P>0.05).ConclusionsUltra early joint movement can significantly improve the motion range and functions of shoulder joint in patients with breast cancer who underwent ALND. What’s more, ultra early joint movement does not increase the early drainage volume or pain, and has no significant impact on the later quality of life. It is worthy of clinical application.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common elderly illness, and the hand movement abilities of patients differ from those of normal individuals. Focusing on the utilization of RGB, optical flow, and hand skeleton as tri-modal image information for early AD recognition, a method for early AD recognition via multi-modal hand motion quality assessment (EADR) is proposed. First, a hybrid modality feature encoder incorporating global contextual information was designed to integrate the global contextual information of features from three specific modality branches. Subsequently, a fusion modality feature decoder network incorporating specific modality features was proposed to decode the overlooked information in the fusion modality branch from specific modality features, thereby enhancing feature fusion. Experiments demonstrated that EADR effectively could capture high-quality hand motion features and excelled in hand motion quality assessment tasks, outperforming existing models. Based on this, the action quality scoring regression model trained using the k-nearest neighbors algorithm demonstrated the best recognition performance for AD patients, with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient reaching 90.98% and 83.44%, respectively. This indicates that the assessment of hand motor ability may serve as a potential auxiliary tool for early AD identification.