ObjectiveTo identify the effects of transition to siblinghood (TTS) on the firstborn children’s emotions and behaviors, and to define the time of TTS.MethodsCBM, VIP, CNKI, WanFang Data, PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCO were electronically searched to collect studies on the emotional and behavioral characteristics of firstborn children in TTS from inception to December 31st, 2019. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk bias of included studies. Then, qualitative methods were used to analyze the studies.ResultsA total of 13 studies involving 980 children were included. 12 behavioral related studies explored self-behavior of the firstborn children during TTS, 3 studies focused on the interaction behavior between the firstborn children and their parents, the firstborn children and the second children. The systematic reviews found that TTS showed both positive and negative effects on the behavioral characteristics of firstborn children, primarily the negative effects. Firstborn children’s anxiety, confrontation and attachment showed 3 different patterns over time, respectively. Two studies showed the increase of negative emotions of firstborn children during TTS. The time range of TTS was mainly concentrated in the third trimester to 12 months after the birth of the second child.ConclusionsThe current evidence shows that TTS primarily increases the negative emotions and behaviors of firstborn children, and the behaviors of firstborn children changes over time. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high quality studies are required to verify above conclusions.
Cognitive reappraisal is an important strategy for emotion regulation. Studies show that even healthy people may not be able to implement this strategy successfully, but the underlying neural mechanism behind the behavioral observation of success or failure of reappraisal is unclear. In this paper, 28 healthy college students participated in an experiment of emotional regulation with the cognitive reappraisal strategy. They were asked to complete the cognitive psychological questionnaires before the experiment. Their behavioral scores and scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were collected simultaneously during the experiment. We divided all the subjects into two groups, according to the statistical test of valence scores. Then we analyzed their questionnaires, early event-related potential (ERP) components N200, P200, and late positive potential (LPP), and calculated the correlation between the valence score and the amplitude of LPP. The results showed that, in both groups, compared with negative-watching, the reappraisal induced larger N200 and P200 components and there were two modulation patterns (“increase” and “decrease”) of the reappraisal effect on the amplitude of early LPP (300?1 000 ms after stimulus onset). Moreover, correlation analysis showed that significant positive correlation between two differences in the successful group, i.e., the greater difference in the valence scoresin between reappraisal and negative-watching, the greater difference in the amplitude of early LPP between reappraisal and negative-watching; but no such effect was found in the failure group. These results indicated that, whether reappraisal was successful or not, no significant effect on early ERP components was found; and there were different patterns of the reappraisal effect on early LPP. The difference between successful and failure groups was mainly reflected in early LPP, that is, the EEG characteristics and behavioral scores of successful group were significantly positively correlated. Furthermore, the small sample analysis showed that this correlation only existed in the pattern of "increase". In the future, more research of this modulation mode is necessary in order to find more stable EEG characteristics under successful cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation.
Lower limb ankle exoskeletons have been used to improve walking efficiency and assist the elderly and patients with motor dysfunction in daily activities or rehabilitation training, while the assistance patterns may influence the wearer’s lower limb muscle activities and coordination patterns. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the effects of different ankle exoskeleton assistance patterns on wearer’s lower limb muscle activities and coordination patterns. A tethered ankle exoskeleton with nine assistance patterns that combined with differenet actuation timing values and torque magnitude levels was used to assist human walking. Lower limb muscle surface electromyography signals were collected from 7 participants walking on a treadmill at a speed of 1.25 m/s. Results showed that the soleus muscle activities were significantly reduced during assisted walking. In one assistance pattern with peak time in 49% of stride and peak torque at 0.7 N·m/kg, the soleus muscle activity was decreased by (38.5 ± 10.8)%. Compared with actuation timing, the assistance torque magnitude had a more significant influence on soleus muscle activity. In all assistance patterns, the eight lower limb muscle activities could be decomposed to five basic muscle synergies. The muscle synergies changed little under assistance with appropriate actuation timing and torque magnitude. Besides, co-contraction indexs of soleus and tibialis anterior, rectus femoris and semitendinosus under exoskeleton assistance were higher than normal walking. Our results are expected to help to understand how healthy wearers adjust their neuromuscular control mechanisms to adapt to different exoskeleton assistance patterns, and provide reference to select appropriate assistance to improve walking efficiency.
ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM) in evaluating microvessel density (MVD) and microvascular invasion (MVI) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsRat models were established to be scanned by IVIM. HCC lesions corresponding to IVIM image were examined pathologically to get data of MVD and MVI. Spearman correlation analysis was used to compare the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), D, D*, and f with MVD, independent samples t test was used to compare ADC, D, D*, and f between MVI (+) and MVI (–) groups.ResultsFifty HCC lesions were included finally. ADC and D values both showed a negative correlation with MVD (r=–0.406, P=0.003; r=–0.468, P=0.001), D* and f showed no statistical correlation with MVD (P=0.172, 0.074, respectively). The differences in ADC and all the IVIM parameters (D, D*, and f) between MVI (+) and MVI (–) HCCs were not statistically significant (P=0.393, 0.395, 0.221, 0.550).ConclusionADC and D can be used to evaluate MVD of HCC, but ADC and IVIM parameters were limited in evaluating MVI.
【Abstract】 Objective The auto-control micro-motion intramedullary locking nail (AMLN) is designed, to reducethe incidence of delayed union and non-union of femoral shaft fractures fixed by interlocking intramedullary nails, and toobserve the cl inical effect of self-design AMLN in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures. Methods The distal and promixalnails were connected by the micro-motion locking structure, which could cause 1.0-1.5 mm axial micro-motion between fracture gaps. It could produce physical stimulus and conduction between fracture gaps in the course of fracture union. From December 2003 to May 2006, 32 cases of femoral shaft fractures were treated with AMLN, including 21 males and 11 females with the average age of 31.2 years (ranging from 20 years to 43 years). The trauma resulted from fall wounds in 3 cases, crash injuries in 1 case and car accidents in 28 cases. Twenty-nine cases were fresh fractures in different parts of the femoral shaft with transverse, obl ique, spiral and comminuted fractures of type I, II, III and IV. Three cases were old non-union fractures. The fresh fractures were treated by closed AMLN fixation, while the old fractures were treated by open AMLN nails after routine implantation of self bone. Results All the 32 cases were followed up for the average time of 11.5 months (rangeing from 8 months to 22 months). The X-ray films showed the fractures were healed 4.0 to 7.5 months after the operation, with the mean time of 5.1 months, and no break of the nail happened. One nail mildly bent in the comminuted fracture, and 2 patients felt sl ightly unwell at the needl ing point. According to the Klemm criterion for function, 26 cases were excellent, 5 good, 1 fair, and the choiceness rate was 96.88%. Conclusion With a suitable design, AMLN is easy to perform and helpful to quicken fracture union, and it is effective to treat femoral shaft fractures.
Aiming at motion artifacts and off-resonance artifacts in multi-shot diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we proposed a joint correction method in this paper to correct the two kinds of artifacts simultaneously without additional acquisition of navigation data and field map. We utilized the proposed method using multi-shot variable density spiral sequence to acquire MRI data and used auto-focusing technique for image deblurring. We also used direct method or iterative method to correct motion induced phase errors in the process of deblurring. In vivo MRI experiments demonstrated that the proposed method could effectively suppress motion artifacts and off-resonance artifacts and achieve images with fine structures. In addition, the scan time was not increased in applying the proposed method.
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a rapidly developing hybrid biomedical imaging technology, which is capable of providing structural and functional information of biological tissues. Due to inevitable motion of the imaging object, such as respiration, heartbeat or eye rotation, motion artifacts are observed in the reconstructed images, which reduce the imaging resolution and increase the difficulty of obtaining high-quality images. This paper summarizes current methods for correcting and compensating motion artifacts in photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT), discusses their advantages and limits and forecasts possible future work.
ObjectiveTo discuss application and research progress of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) in liver and pancreas. MethodThe literatures about application and research progress of IVIM-DWI in liver and pancreas were researched and reviewed. ResultsWith the development of MRI, IVIM-DWI has become the hot research spot, and also has been widely used in liver and pancreas. It could make up the disadvantage of traditional DWI. IVIM-DWI holds an obvious value to assess the level of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis and differential diagnosis of liver tumors, diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancers and mass type chronic pancreatitis. ConclusionIVIM-DWI has a great value in research of liver and pancreas, it is worth to be studied further.
Objective To evaluate the cl inical outcomes and values of anterior segmental decompression and double-plate fixation (ASDDF) for treatment of ski p cervical spondylotic myelopathy (SCSM). Methods Between June 2005 and June 2008, 17 patients with SCSM were treated with ASDDF. There were 10 males and 7 females with an average age of 58.8 years (range, 41-74 years) and an average disease duration of 9.7 months (range, 6-39 months). According to JapaneseOrthopaedic Association (JOA) score system, 2 patients were rated as extreme severe condition, 7 as severe, 7 as moderate, and 1 as mild. MRI images showed 42 affected cervical disc levels, including 26 disc levels with high-intensity intramedullary lesions on T2, 4 with low-intensity intramedullary lesions on T1, and 12 with significant cord compression but no signal change; according to Nagata classification scale, there were 5 abnormal segments at class I, 21 at class II, and 16 at class III. The rate of fusion, the Cobb angle, and the range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spine were measured preoperatively and postoperatively by the X-ray examinations. The improvement of the neurological function was evaluated by the JOA score. Results The average time of follow-up was 28.6 months (range, 24-58 months). After operation, dysphagia occurred in 2 cases (symptom rel ief after 1 month), hoarseness in 1 case (symptom rel ief after 3 months of methylcobalamin treatment), and degeneration of adjacent segments without symptom in 3 cases. The X-ray films showed the fusion rate of 100% at 12 months after operation without displacement, resorption or collapse of bone graft, and without breakage or loosening of plate and screw. The Cobb angles were (13.3 ± 10.4)° preoperatively, (15.8 ± 10.8)° immediately postoperatively, and (15.4 ± 11.4)° at last follow-up; the ROM of the cervical spine were (41.3 ± 17.4)° preoperatively and (23.8 ± 18.8)° at last follow-up; and the JOA scores were 8.2 ± 2.9 preoperatively, 13.7 ± 3.0 at 12 months postoperatively, and 13.9 ± 2.8 at last follow-up. All indexes showed significant differences between before operation and after operation (P lt; 0.05). The results of JOA scores were excellent in 8 cases, good in 6, fair in 2, and poor in 1 with an average improvement rate of 66.8% (range, 14%-88%) for the neurological function. Conclusion Adequate decompression, high rate of fusion, sol id mechanical stabil ity, improvement of total cervical lordosis,and the neurological function can be achieved through ASDDF for treatment of SCSM.
ObjectiveTo validate the use of key point matrix technology based contactless automatic measurement for evaluation of joint motion of hand. Methods Thirty-three volunteers were enrolled to evaluate the extension and flexion of hand joints between May 2021 and November 2021. There were 20 males and 13 females, the age ranged from 16 to 70 years with an average of 30.2 years. The extension angles of 14 joints of 5 fingers (including hyperextension) and the flexion angles of 12 joints of 4 fingers (excluding thumb) of volunteers were measured by key point matrix technology and manual goniometer, respectively. Then 5 participants and repeated measurement experiment were employed to test the system repeatability and accuracy; 28 participants and paired measurement experiment were employed to test the system accuracy. Results The average repeatability of finger joint motion measured by the key point matrix technology was 1.801° (extension) and 7.823° (flexion), respectively. Compared with manual measurement, the average differences of each finger joint measured by the key point matrix technology were 3.225° in extension and 14.145° in flexion, respectively. The key point matrix technology based contactless automatic evaluation system offered excellent consistency with the manual goniometers (ICC=0.875). While most of the consistency with manual goniometer of individual joints were at moderate levels (median of ICC, 0.440). The correlation coefficients between the measurement results of the two methods were mainly positive in the extension of the joint (P<0.05) and negative in the flexion of the joints (P<0.05). ConclusionThe key point matrix technology based contactless automatic evaluation provides sufficient measurement repeatability and accuracy in evaluation for the joint motion of hand.