In transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the conductivity of brain tissue is obtained by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data processing. However, the specific impact of different processing methods on the induced electric field in the tissue has not been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we first used magnetic resonance image (MRI) data to create a three-dimensional head model, and then estimated the conductivity of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) using four conductivity models, namely scalar (SC), direct mapping (DM), volume normalization (VN) and average conductivity (MC), respectively. Isotropic empirical conductivity values were used for the conductivity of other tissues such as the scalp, skull, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and then the TMS simulations were performed when the coil was parallel and perpendicular to the gyrus of the target. When the coil was perpendicular to the gyrus where the target was located, it was easy to get the maximum electric field in the head model. The maximum electric field in the DM model was 45.66% higher than that in the SC model. The results showed that the conductivity component along the electric field direction of which conductivity model was smaller in TMS, the induced electric field in the corresponding domain corresponding to the conductivity model was larger. This study has guiding significance for TMS precise stimulation.
Objective To explore the safety and efficiency of cervical expansion balloon in promoting cervical ripening of cicatrical uter women with full-term pregnancy attempting vaginal delivery. Methods Fifty cases of pregnant women at the third trimester with cicatrical uter admitted to Nanshan District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shenzhen from July 2015 to March 2016 were retrospectively and randomly collected as the observation group. Another 50 pregnant women at the third trimester with normal uter admitted to the same hospital in the same period were retrospectively and randomly collected as the control group. All the cases had indications for labor induction, and had intention and conditions of vaginal delivery. Cervical expansion balloons were used in the two groups to promote cervical ripening. The effective rate of promoting cervical ripening, the outcomes of delivery and the incidences of adverse outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results The differences in effective rate of promoting cervical ripening and success rate of induced labor of cervical ripening of pregnant women between the observation group (66%, 76%) and the control group (76%, 84%) were not statistically significant (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the time of birth process, amout of postpartum bleeding, birth immediate Apgar score, neonatal birth weight, and vaginal delivery rate, and the incidences of acute chorioamnionitis and cervical laceration of pregnant women between the two groups (P>0.05). Incomplete uterine rupture occurred in one case in the observation group, while none in the control group; neonatal mild asphyxia occurred in one case in the control group, while none in the observation group; the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). No postpartum hemorrhage occurred in the two groups. Conclusions Under the premise of strictly following the indications, cervical expansion balloon can be used in promoting cervical ripening at the third trimester of pregnant women with cicatrical uter attempting vaginal delivery, improve the success of attempting vaginal delivery, reduce the occurrence of reduplicated cesarean section, and not increase the incidence of maternal and fetal adverse outcomes.
The effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on primary gastric carcinoma models made by subcutaneous implanting gastric cancer to mice were observed. Thirty-two cancer bearing nude mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (group Ⅰ)， ATRA low dose feeding group (100μg/day， group Ⅱ), moderate dose feeding group (300μg/day， group Ⅲ), and high dose feeding group (1 000 μg/day, group Ⅳ). The alteration of tumor growth, morphology, cytobiology, and immuno-histochemical assay were perfermed. The results showed significant inhibition of tumor growth and inducing differentiation in the group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ as compared with group Ⅰ (Ｐ＜0.01),and inhibited expression of p53, p21 protein in implanted tumor. The authors consider that ATRA has some effects of growth inhibition and differentiation on gastric cancer cells in vivo, and these is related to the inhibition of expression p53 and p21 onco-gene of cancer cells and accelerate apoptosis of carcinoma cells.
ObjectiveTo investigate the differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into neuronlike cells by indirect co-culture with Schwann cells (SCs) in vitro so as to look for the ideal seed cells for tissue engineering. MethodsSCs were isolated from sciatic nerves of 1-2 days old Sprague-Dawley rats with enzymatic digestion method. Immunofluorescence staining was used to identify SCs with the marker S-100. ADSCs were isolated from the epididymal fat pads of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by means of differential attachment. And the cell phenotypes (CD29, CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, and CD105) of ADSCs at passage 3 were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Primary SCs and ADSCs at passage 3 were co-cultured at a ratio of 2:1 in Transwell culture dishes (experimental group), and ADSCs cultured alone served as control group. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were adopted to investigate the neural differentiation of ADSCs at 14 days. The expression differences for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neuronal nuclei protein (NeuN), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected, and the percentage of positive cells was calculated. ResultsADSCs were successfully extracted and can passage in a considerable large amount. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ADSCs at passage 3 were positive for CD29, CD90, CD73, and CD105 expression, but negative for CD34 and CD45 expression. The ADSCs of the experimental group showed contraction of nucleus, increasing of soma refraction, and several long and thick protrusions of cell body. The cell shape had no obvious change in the control group. Both immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis results showed the expressions of MAP2, NSE, NeuN, and GFAP at 14 days after co-cultured with SCs, and the positive cell ratios were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01). ConclusionCo-culture with SCs not only can promote the survival regeneration of ADSCs, but also can induce the differentiation of ADSCs into neuron-like cells.
Increasing evidences show that a gradual trend away from deep hypothermia toward moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest, which has been proved to be safe and effective in clinic. By summarizing and analyzing the research progress and applying status of the moderate hypothermia circulatory arrest with selective antegrade cerebral perfusion, the article aims at promoting the application of this tenique as a cerebral protection strategy in aortic arch surgery for adults in China.
Objective To study the relationship between the expression ratio of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) over glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the time of injury after brain concussion in rat, in order to acquire a new visual angle for determining injury time of cerebral concussion. Methods Eighty-five healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups randomly: model group (n=25), experimental group (n=55), and control group (n=5). The rats in the model group were used to confirm the attack hight to make the model of brain concussion; according to the time of execution, rats in the experimental group were then subdivided into 11 groups with 5 rats in each subgroup, and their execution time was respectively hour 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 168, 240, and 336; the rats in the control group were executed after fed for 24 hours. After the model of cerebral concussion was established through freefalling dart method, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining of iNOS and GFAP were conducted for the brain of the rats. All related experimental results were studied by using microscope with image analytical system and homologous statistics. Results The ratio of positive expression of iNOS over that of GFAP increased gradually during hour 0.5- 3 after injury in brain (from 5.03 to 10.47). At the same time, the positive expression of iNOS increased significantly (from 14.61% to 37.45%). However, the increase of the positive expression of GFAP was not obvious. Between hour 3 and 12, the ratio began to decline to 4.98, which was still at a high level, and during the same time period, the positive expressions of iNOS and GFAP also experienced the same change pattern. Later, the ratio began to decline between hour 12 and 336 after injury (from 4.98 to 0.95). All ratios at this time were lower than those between hour 0.5 and 12. The positive expression of iNOS and GFAP both increased to a climax before declining. Conclusions The ratio of positive expression of iNOS over GFAP and the respective change pattern of iNOS and GFAP can be used as the evidence of estimating the injury time of cerebral concussion. We can use the ratio of two or more markers to provide a new visual angle for concluding the concussion injury time.
Objective To review new progress of related research of bone tissue engineering in recent years. Methods Domestic and international l iterature concerning bone tissue engineering was reviewed and analyzed. Results In the recent years, great progression had been made in the research and development of bone tissue engineering, it had been used in more and more hospitals, and relevant national regulations and protocols had been set up. As to seed cells of bone tissue engineering, autologous and allogeneic stem cells had been widely used, while recently embryonic stem cells and induced pluri potent stem cells had attracted most attentions. In the field of scaffolds materials, significant improvementshad been made, from natural extractions to artificial polymers; from single construction to multiple compounds with surface modifications. As to the methods of construction, the static seeding approach had been widely accepted, and the appl ications of bioreactor had provided a stable and various micro-enviroment for the vitro-culture of different stem cells, which had beenregarded as an alternative way of vitro-culture and construction for bone tissue engineering. Conclusion With the tremendous help of the techniques and approaches above, we shall expect a promising future of a new generation bone tissue engineering based medical products in the years to come.
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of neutrophilic asthma ( NA) .Methods NA patients were collected from the out-patient and in-patient departments of Respiratory Diseases of Xinqiao Hospital between January 2010 and December 2010. The results of the medical records,pulmonary function tests, and induced sputum cytology were analyzed retrospectively. Results The NA patients with neutrophil percent ≥ 61% accounted for 33. 1% ( 51 /154 ) of all the asthmatics patients detected by induced sputumin the same period, and 45 cases with complete records were included. Of the 45 cases recruited, 20 cases ( 44. 4% ) were in-patients,2 cases ( 4. 4% ) were with controlled asthma, 3 cases ( 6. 7% ) were with cough variant asthma, 30 cases ( 66. 7% ) were female, 12 cases ( 26. 7% ) were atopic patients, and 27 cases ( 60% ) had acute exacerbation. The age of onset of 35 patients ( 77. 8% ) were after 12 years. FEV1% pred lt; 60% and gt; 80% was obtained in 55. 9% ( 19/34) and 14. 7% ( 5 /34) of patients respectively. The result of bronchodilator test was positive in 64% ( 16/25) of patients, and mean increase in FEV1 was 11. 7% . The percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil was ( 74. 5 ±9. 1) % and ( 2. 4 ±2. 5) % respectively in induced sputum, and 35. 6% ( 16/45) of the patients had increased eosinophil percentage ( gt;3% ) . Conclusions In our study, most of NA is severe and acute exacerbation asthma, and its clinical features are various. The mechanismand clinical significance of increased neutrophils in asthmatic patients are unclear and more studies are needed.
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of induced membrane technique in the treatment of infectious bone defect. Methods Thirty-six patients (37 bone lesions) with infectious bone defects were treated with induced membrane technique between January 2011 and June 2014. There were 28 males and 8 females with an average age of 36 years (range, 20-68 years). All bone defects were post-traumatic infectious bone defect. The bone defect was located at the tibia and fibula in 24 cases (25 bone lesions), at femurs in 6 cases (6 bone lesions), at ulnas and radii in 2 cases (2 bone lesions), at calcanei in 3 cases (3 bone lesions), and at clavicle in 1 case (1 bone lesion). The average time between onset and the treatment of induced membrane technique was 6.2 months (range, 0.5-36.0 months); 15 patients were acute infections (disease duration was less than 3 months). At the first stage, after the removal of internal fixator (applicable for the patients who had internal fixation), complete debridement of infection necrotic bone tissue and surrounding soft tissue was performed and the bone defects were filled with antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers. If the bone was unstable after debridement, external fixator or plaster could be used for stabilization. Patients received sensitive antibiotics postoperatively. At the second stage (usually 6-8 weeks later), the cement spacer were removed, with preservation of the induced membrane formed by the spacer, and filled the bone defect with autologous iliac bone graft within the membrane. Results The hospitalization time after debridement was 17-30 days (mean, 22.2 days), and the hospitalization time after the second stage was 7-14 days (mean, 10 days). All the flaps healed uneventfully in 16 cases treated with local flap transposition or free flap grafting after debridement. One patient of femur fracture received Ilizarov treatment after recurrence of infection at 11 months after operation; 1 patient of distal femoral fracture received amputation after recurrence of infection at 1 month after operation; 1 patient of distal end of tibia and fibula fractures received ankle arthrodesis after repeated debridements due to the recurrence of infection; 1 patient of tibia and fibula fractures lost to follow-up. The other 32 patients (33 bone lesions) were followed up 1-5 years (mean, 2 years) without infection recurrence, and the infection control rate was 91.7% (33/36). All the patients had bony union, and the healing time was 4-12 months (mean, 7.5 months); no refracture occurred. One patient of femur bone defect had a lateral angulation of 15° and leg discrepancy of 1.5 cm. Superficial pin infection was observed in 7 cases and healed after intensive wound care and oral antibiotics. Adjacent joint function restriction were observed in 6 cases at last follow-up. Conclusion Induced membrane technique is a simple and reliable technique for the treatment of infectious bone defect. The technique is not limited to the size of the bone defect and the effectiveness is satisfactory.
RCBTB1 gene associated hereditary retinopathy is an extremely rare inherited retinal disease (IRD) discovered recently. The mutation of RCBTB1 gene can lead to a variety of IRD clinical phenotypes, such as early retinitis pigmentosa and delayed chorioretinal atrophy. The hereditary mode of RCBTB1 gene associated retinopathy is autosomal recessive. RCBTB1 gene plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial function and anti-oxidative stress defense mechanism of retinal pigment epithelium cells. In the future, it is necessary to further determine whether there is a genotypic and phenotypic correlation in the age of onset of RCBTB1 gene associated retinopathy or multi-organ involvement, and evaluate the safety and efficacy of adeno-associated virus-mediated RCBTB1 gene replacement therapy in animal models, to explore the feasibility of gene replacement therapy and stem cell therapy.