We conducted this study to explore the influence of the ocular residual aberrations changes on contrast sensitivity (CS) function in eyes undergoing orthokeratology using adaptive optics technique. Nineteen subjects' nineteen eyes were included in this study. The subjects were between 12 and 20 years (14.27±2.23 years) of age. An adaptive optics (AO) system was adopted to measure and compensate the residual aberrations through a 4-mm artificial pupil, and at the same time the contrast sensitivities were measured at five spatial frequencies (2,4,8,16, and 32 cycles per degree).The CS measurements with and without AO correction were completed. The sequence of the measurements with and without AO correction was randomly arranged without informing the observers. A two-interval forced-choice procedure was used for the CS measurements. The paired t-test was used to compare the contrast sensitivity with and without AO correction at each spatial frequency. The results revealed that the AO system decreased the mean total root mean square (RMS) from 0.356 μm to 0.160 μm(t=10.517, P＜0.001), and the mean total higher-order RMS from 0.246 μm to 0.095 μm(t=10.113, P＜0.001). The difference in log contrast sensitivity with and without AO correction was significant only at 8 cpd (t=-2.51, P=0.02). Thereby we concluded that correcting the ocular residual aberrations using adaptive optics technique could improve the contrast sensitivity function at intermediate spatial frequency in patients undergoing orthokeratology.
ObjectiveTo observe and evaluate the functional-structural correlations of quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF), quantitative color vision, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness among different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). MethodsA prospective cross-sectional observational study. From November 2023 to August 2025, 135 eyes of 79 patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at the Endocrinology Department of Lanzhou University Second Hospital were enrolled. According to the presence and severity of DR, the eyes were divided into no DR (NDR) group (53 patients, 99 eyes), non-proliferative DR (NPDR) group (18 patients, 27 eyes), and proliferative DR (PDR) group (8 patients, 9 eyes). Forty healthy volunteers (80 eyes) were selected as the control group during the same period. All subjects underwent BCVA, qCSF, color vision, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations. BCVA was measured using the international standard visual acuity chart and converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for statistical analysis. Contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured at spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12, and 18 cpd using a CS test instrument; the complete qCSF was plotted using Bayesian adaptive psychophysical algorithms, and the area under the log CS function (AULCSF) was exported. The average, superior, nasal, temporal, and inferior pRNFL thicknesses were measured using OCT. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors affecting different stages of DR progression; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate diagnostic efficacy. ResultsSignificant differences were found among the control, NDR, NPDR, and PDR groups in logMAR BCVA (H=41.077), AULCSF (F=48.893), CS at different spatial frequencies (F=27.528, 35.194, 49.427, 39.689), color vision (H=41.165), and inferior and temporal pRNFL thicknesses (F=6.518, 3.177; P＜0.005). No significant differences were observed in superior, nasal, or average pRNFL thicknesses (F=1.828, 1.832, 0.934; P＞0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that AULCSF and CS at 3 and 6 cpd were independent protective factors for DR progression (P＜0.05); color vision was an independent protective factor for DR progression (P＜0.05); BCVA was an independent risk factor for NPDR and PDR (P＜0.05), and pRNFL thickness was an independent protective factor for NPDR and PDR (P＜0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC values of AULCSF and color vision in distinguishing NDR (AUC=0.701?0.850) and NPDR (AUC=0.642?0.838) were higher than those of BCVA (AUC=0.610?0.726) and pRNFL thickness (AUC=0.501?0.560). ConclusionsDuring the progression of DR, qCSF and quantitative color vision can identify neural functional abnormalities earlier than visual acuity decline and structural damage during DR progression.