Study on the correlation of quantitative functional-structural indicators in different stages of diabetic retinopathy_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Ma Yu ¹ , Hu Jiayue ² , Shao Lanchun ³ , Li Jixin ¹ , Li Xiaoxue ¹ ,  Zhang Wenfang ²

1. The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou Universtiy, Lanzhou 730000, China;
2. Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, Lanzhou 730000, China;
3. Department of Urology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;

Corresponding?author：

Zhang Wenfang, Email: zhwenf888@163.com

Keywords：

Quick contrast sensitivity function; Color vision; Visual acuity; Thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer; Diabetic retinopathy; Neurovascular unit

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20251111-00497

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To observe and evaluate the functional-structural correlations of quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF), quantitative color vision, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness among different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods A prospective cross-sectional observational study. From November 2023 to August 2025, 135 eyes of 79 patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at the Endocrinology Department of Lanzhou University Second Hospital were enrolled. According to the presence and severity of DR, the eyes were divided into no DR (NDR) group (53 patients, 99 eyes), non-proliferative DR (NPDR) group (18 patients, 27 eyes), and proliferative DR (PDR) group (8 patients, 9 eyes). Forty healthy volunteers (80 eyes) were selected as the control group during the same period. All subjects underwent BCVA, qCSF, color vision, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations. BCVA was measured using the international standard visual acuity chart and converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for statistical analysis. Contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured at spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12, and 18 cpd using a CS test instrument; the complete qCSF was plotted using Bayesian adaptive psychophysical algorithms, and the area under the log CS function (AULCSF) was exported. The average, superior, nasal, temporal, and inferior pRNFL thicknesses were measured using OCT. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors affecting different stages of DR progression; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate diagnostic efficacy. Results Significant differences were found among the control, NDR, NPDR, and PDR groups in logMAR BCVA (H=41.077), AULCSF (F=48.893), CS at different spatial frequencies (F=27.528, 35.194, 49.427, 39.689), color vision (H=41.165), and inferior and temporal pRNFL thicknesses (F=6.518, 3.177; P＜0.005). No significant differences were observed in superior, nasal, or average pRNFL thicknesses (F=1.828, 1.832, 0.934; P＞0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that AULCSF and CS at 3 and 6 cpd were independent protective factors for DR progression (P＜0.05); color vision was an independent protective factor for DR progression (P＜0.05); BCVA was an independent risk factor for NPDR and PDR (P＜0.05), and pRNFL thickness was an independent protective factor for NPDR and PDR (P＜0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC values of AULCSF and color vision in distinguishing NDR (AUC=0.701?0.850) and NPDR (AUC=0.642?0.838) were higher than those of BCVA (AUC=0.610?0.726) and pRNFL thickness (AUC=0.501?0.560). Conclusions During the progression of DR, qCSF and quantitative color vision can identify neural functional abnormalities earlier than visual acuity decline and structural damage during DR progression.

Citation： Ma Yu, Hu Jiayue, Shao Lanchun, Li Jixin, Li Xiaoxue, Zhang Wenfang. Study on the correlation of quantitative functional-structural indicators in different stages of diabetic retinopathy. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2026, 42(4): 294-301. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20251111-00497 Copy

1.	中華醫學會眼科學分會眼底病學組, 中國醫師協會眼科醫師分會眼底病學組. 我國糖尿病視網膜病變臨床診療指南(2022年)——基于循證醫學修訂[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2023, 39(2): 99-124. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230110-00018.The Ophthalmology Group of the Chinese Medical Association's Ophthalmology Society, Ophthalmology Group of the Ophthalmologists' Association of China. Evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in China (2022)[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2023, 39(2): 99-124. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230110-00018.
2.	Miura G. Visual evoked potentials for the detection of diabetic retinal neuropathy[J/OL]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(8): 7361[2023-04-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37108524/. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087361.
3.	Rossino MG, Dal Monte M, Casini G. Relationships between neurodegeneration and vascular damage in diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Front Neurosci, 2019, 13: 1172[2019-11-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31787868/. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01172.
4.	Gardner TW, Davila JR. The neurovascular unit and the pathophysiologic basis of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3548-y.
5.	Middel CS, Hammes HP, Kroll J. Advancing diabetic retinopathy research: analysis of the neurovascular unit in Zebrafish[J/OL]. Cells, 2021, 10(6): 1313[2021-05-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34070439/. DOI: 10.3390/cells10061313.
6.	Zhang Z, Deng C, Paulus YM. Advances in structural and functional retinal imaging and biomarkers for early detection of diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Biomedicines, 2024, 12(7): 1405[2024-06-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39061979/. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071405.
7.	Vaughan M, Denmead P, Tay N, et al. How early can we detect diabetic retinopathy? A narrative review of imaging tools for structural assessment of the retina[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2025, 263(9): 2413-2425. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-025-06828-3.
8.	Rahimi-Nasrabadi H, Jin J, Mazade R, et al. Image luminance changes contrast sensitivity in visual cortex[J/OL]. Cell Rep, 2021, 34(5): 108692[2021-02-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33535047/. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108692.
9.	Yuksel B, Dogan B, Koctekin B, et al. Color vision testing versus pattern visual evoked potentials and optical coherence tomography parameters in subclinical optic nerve involvement in multiple sclerosis[J]. J Clin Neurosci, 2019, 61: 48-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.11.011.
10.	肖慶, 孫傳賓, 孫明明, 等. 乙胺丁醇中毒性視神經病變臨床特征及視力預后影響因素分析[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2020, 36(4): 269-274. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20190401-00123.Xiao Q, Sun CB, Sun MM, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors analysis of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2020, 36(4): 269-274. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20190401-00123.
11.	Flaharty K, Niziol LM, Woodward MA, et al. Association of contrast sensitivity with eye disease and vision-related quality of life[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2024, 261: 176-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.01.021.
12.	Hawlina M, Kova? L, Breciková K, et al. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy in Slovenia: quality of life and costs from patient perspective[J/OL]. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2024, 19(1): 318[2024-08-30]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39215330/. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03329-0.
13.	國家老年醫學中心, 中華醫學會老年醫學分會, 中國老年保健協會糖尿病專業委員會, 等. 中國老年糖尿病診療指南(2024版)[J]. 協和醫學雜志, 2024, 15(4): 771-800. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0347.National Geriatric Medical Center, Chinese Medical Association Geriatric Medicine Branch, China Association for Geriatric Health Care Diabetes Professional Committee, et al. Guideline for the management of diabetes mellitus in the elderly in China (2024 edition)[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(4): 771-800. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0347.
14.	Pang R, Peng J, Cao K, et al. Association between contrast sensitivity function and structural damage in primary open-angle glaucoma[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2024, 108(6): 801-816. DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323539.
15.	Qu H, Huang Y, Chen Y, et al. Evaluation of color perception in cataract patients bilateral implanted with presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 34629[2025-10-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41044414/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-18259-5.
16.	惠延年. 糖尿病視網膜病: 糖尿病視網膜病變重新定義的術語[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2026, 42(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20251120-00515.Hui YN. Diabetic retinal disease: a redefined term for diabetic retinopathy[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2026, 42(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20251120-00515.
17.	Vingopoulos F, Baldwin G, Katz R, et al. Associations of quantitative contrast sensitivity with vascular metrics on widefield swept-source OCT angiography across stages of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2024, 108(12): 1708-1715. DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323900.
18.	Neriyanuri S, Pardhan S, Gella L, et al. Retinal sensitivity changes associated with diabetic neuropathy in the absence of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(9): 1174-1178. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309641.
19.	Ha SK, Ding X, Romano F, et al. Structure-function associations between quantitative contrast sensitivity function and peripapillary optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2025, 66(4): 69[2025-04-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266592/. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.66.4.69.
20.	Wan ZQ, Gao Y, Cui M, et al. Association between risk factors and retinal nerve fiber layer loss in early stages of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2021, 14(2): 255-262. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.02.12.
21.	Bhaskaran A, Babu M, Sudhakar NA, et al. Study of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2023, 71(3): 920-926. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1918_22.
22.	Cao Z, Tian T, Liu R, et al. Quantitative analysis of peripapillary RNFL capillary density and thickness in patients with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024, 15: 1404157[2025-01-24]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39926393/. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1404157.
23.	Quigley C, Stephenson KAJ, Kenna PF, et al. Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thinning, perfusion changes and optic neuropathy in carriers of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy-associated mitochondrial variants[J/OL]. BMJ Open Ophthalmol, 2024, 9(1): e001295[2024-03-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38471715/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001295.
24.	Al-Mujaini AS, Al-Mujaini MS, Sabt BI. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis with and without optic neuritis: a four-year follow-up study from Oman[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2021, 21(1): 391[2021-11-12]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34772371/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02158-0.
25.	Zhou J, Chen F, Yan A, et al. Molecular mechanism of high glucose-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in retinal ganglion cells[J]. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 2024, 70(3): 219-224. DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2024.70.3.33.
26.	Chavda V, Yadav D, Patel S, et al. Effects of a diabetic microenvironment on neurodegeneration: special focus on neurological cells[J/OL]. Brain Sci, 2024, 14(3): 284[2024-03-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38539672/. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14030284.
27.	汪星朦, 孫興懷, 戴毅, 等. 原發性開角型青光眼與正常眼壓性青光眼神經功能損傷及其結構特征研究[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2018, 54(11): 811-819. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.11.004.Wang XM, Sun XH, Dai Y, et al. The function-structure impairment pattern of optic nerves in primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54(11): 811-819. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.11.004.
28.	Nguyen MNL, Zhu C, Kolbe SC, et al. Early predictors of visual and axonal outcomes after acute optic neuritis[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 945034[2022-09-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36158958/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.945034.
29.	Yam C, Brownlee WJ, Prados Carrasco F, et al. Investigating colour vision and its structural correlates 15 years following a first demyelinating event[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2025, 96(5): 435-442. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2024-334551.
30.	王志學, 曹婷婷, 王文英, 等. 未累及黃斑區的視網膜分支靜脈阻塞患眼對比敏感度變化觀察[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2016, 32(4): 395-398. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2016.04.012.Wang ZX, Cao TT, Wang WY, et al. Analysis of the contrast sensitivity of branch retinal vein occlusion without involving the macular region[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2016, 32(4): 395-398. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2016.04.012.
31.	中華醫學會眼科學分會神經眼科學組. 中國糖尿病視神經病變診斷和治療專家共識(2022年)[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2022, 58(6): 405-411. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20211221-00593.Ophthalmological Society of China-Neuro-Ophthalmology Group. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of diabetic optic neuropathy (2022)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2022, 58(6): 405-411. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20211221-00593.

1. 中華醫學會眼科學分會眼底病學組, 中國醫師協會眼科醫師分會眼底病學組. 我國糖尿病視網膜病變臨床診療指南(2022年)——基于循證醫學修訂[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2023, 39(2): 99-124. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230110-00018.The Ophthalmology Group of the Chinese Medical Association's Ophthalmology Society, Ophthalmology Group of the Ophthalmologists' Association of China. Evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in China (2022)[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2023, 39(2): 99-124. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230110-00018.
2. Miura G. Visual evoked potentials for the detection of diabetic retinal neuropathy[J/OL]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(8): 7361[2023-04-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37108524/. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087361.
3. Rossino MG, Dal Monte M, Casini G. Relationships between neurodegeneration and vascular damage in diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Front Neurosci, 2019, 13: 1172[2019-11-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31787868/. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01172.
4. Gardner TW, Davila JR. The neurovascular unit and the pathophysiologic basis of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3548-y.
5. Middel CS, Hammes HP, Kroll J. Advancing diabetic retinopathy research: analysis of the neurovascular unit in Zebrafish[J/OL]. Cells, 2021, 10(6): 1313[2021-05-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34070439/. DOI: 10.3390/cells10061313.
6. Zhang Z, Deng C, Paulus YM. Advances in structural and functional retinal imaging and biomarkers for early detection of diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Biomedicines, 2024, 12(7): 1405[2024-06-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39061979/. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071405.
7. Vaughan M, Denmead P, Tay N, et al. How early can we detect diabetic retinopathy? A narrative review of imaging tools for structural assessment of the retina[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2025, 263(9): 2413-2425. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-025-06828-3.
8. Rahimi-Nasrabadi H, Jin J, Mazade R, et al. Image luminance changes contrast sensitivity in visual cortex[J/OL]. Cell Rep, 2021, 34(5): 108692[2021-02-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33535047/. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108692.
9. Yuksel B, Dogan B, Koctekin B, et al. Color vision testing versus pattern visual evoked potentials and optical coherence tomography parameters in subclinical optic nerve involvement in multiple sclerosis[J]. J Clin Neurosci, 2019, 61: 48-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.11.011.
10. 肖慶, 孫傳賓, 孫明明, 等. 乙胺丁醇中毒性視神經病變臨床特征及視力預后影響因素分析[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2020, 36(4): 269-274. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20190401-00123.Xiao Q, Sun CB, Sun MM, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors analysis of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2020, 36(4): 269-274. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20190401-00123.
11. Flaharty K, Niziol LM, Woodward MA, et al. Association of contrast sensitivity with eye disease and vision-related quality of life[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2024, 261: 176-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.01.021.
12. Hawlina M, Kova? L, Breciková K, et al. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy in Slovenia: quality of life and costs from patient perspective[J/OL]. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2024, 19(1): 318[2024-08-30]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39215330/. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03329-0.
13. 國家老年醫學中心, 中華醫學會老年醫學分會, 中國老年保健協會糖尿病專業委員會, 等. 中國老年糖尿病診療指南(2024版)[J]. 協和醫學雜志, 2024, 15(4): 771-800. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0347.National Geriatric Medical Center, Chinese Medical Association Geriatric Medicine Branch, China Association for Geriatric Health Care Diabetes Professional Committee, et al. Guideline for the management of diabetes mellitus in the elderly in China (2024 edition)[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(4): 771-800. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0347.
14. Pang R, Peng J, Cao K, et al. Association between contrast sensitivity function and structural damage in primary open-angle glaucoma[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2024, 108(6): 801-816. DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323539.
15. Qu H, Huang Y, Chen Y, et al. Evaluation of color perception in cataract patients bilateral implanted with presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 34629[2025-10-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41044414/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-18259-5.
16. 惠延年. 糖尿病視網膜病: 糖尿病視網膜病變重新定義的術語[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2026, 42(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20251120-00515.Hui YN. Diabetic retinal disease: a redefined term for diabetic retinopathy[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2026, 42(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20251120-00515.
17. Vingopoulos F, Baldwin G, Katz R, et al. Associations of quantitative contrast sensitivity with vascular metrics on widefield swept-source OCT angiography across stages of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2024, 108(12): 1708-1715. DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323900.
18. Neriyanuri S, Pardhan S, Gella L, et al. Retinal sensitivity changes associated with diabetic neuropathy in the absence of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(9): 1174-1178. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309641.
19. Ha SK, Ding X, Romano F, et al. Structure-function associations between quantitative contrast sensitivity function and peripapillary optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2025, 66(4): 69[2025-04-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266592/. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.66.4.69.
20. Wan ZQ, Gao Y, Cui M, et al. Association between risk factors and retinal nerve fiber layer loss in early stages of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2021, 14(2): 255-262. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.02.12.
21. Bhaskaran A, Babu M, Sudhakar NA, et al. Study of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2023, 71(3): 920-926. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1918_22.
22. Cao Z, Tian T, Liu R, et al. Quantitative analysis of peripapillary RNFL capillary density and thickness in patients with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024, 15: 1404157[2025-01-24]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39926393/. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1404157.
23. Quigley C, Stephenson KAJ, Kenna PF, et al. Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thinning, perfusion changes and optic neuropathy in carriers of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy-associated mitochondrial variants[J/OL]. BMJ Open Ophthalmol, 2024, 9(1): e001295[2024-03-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38471715/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001295.
24. Al-Mujaini AS, Al-Mujaini MS, Sabt BI. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis with and without optic neuritis: a four-year follow-up study from Oman[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2021, 21(1): 391[2021-11-12]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34772371/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02158-0.
25. Zhou J, Chen F, Yan A, et al. Molecular mechanism of high glucose-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in retinal ganglion cells[J]. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 2024, 70(3): 219-224. DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2024.70.3.33.
26. Chavda V, Yadav D, Patel S, et al. Effects of a diabetic microenvironment on neurodegeneration: special focus on neurological cells[J/OL]. Brain Sci, 2024, 14(3): 284[2024-03-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38539672/. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14030284.
27. 汪星朦, 孫興懷, 戴毅, 等. 原發性開角型青光眼與正常眼壓性青光眼神經功能損傷及其結構特征研究[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2018, 54(11): 811-819. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.11.004.Wang XM, Sun XH, Dai Y, et al. The function-structure impairment pattern of optic nerves in primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54(11): 811-819. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.11.004.
28. Nguyen MNL, Zhu C, Kolbe SC, et al. Early predictors of visual and axonal outcomes after acute optic neuritis[J/OL]. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 945034[2022-09-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36158958/. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.945034.
29. Yam C, Brownlee WJ, Prados Carrasco F, et al. Investigating colour vision and its structural correlates 15 years following a first demyelinating event[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2025, 96(5): 435-442. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2024-334551.
30. 王志學, 曹婷婷, 王文英, 等. 未累及黃斑區的視網膜分支靜脈阻塞患眼對比敏感度變化觀察[J]. 中華眼底病雜志, 2016, 32(4): 395-398. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2016.04.012.Wang ZX, Cao TT, Wang WY, et al. Analysis of the contrast sensitivity of branch retinal vein occlusion without involving the macular region[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2016, 32(4): 395-398. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2016.04.012.
31. 中華醫學會眼科學分會神經眼科學組. 中國糖尿病視神經病變診斷和治療專家共識(2022年)[J]. 中華眼科雜志, 2022, 58(6): 405-411. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20211221-00593.Ophthalmological Society of China-Neuro-Ophthalmology Group. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of diabetic optic neuropathy (2022)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2022, 58(6): 405-411. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20211221-00593.

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Study on the correlation of quantitative functional-structural indicators in different stages of diabetic retinopathy

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content