Chinese expert consensus on intraocular corticosteroid implants for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis (2026)_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Ophthalmology Immunology Group of the Chinese Medical Association of Ophthalmology ,  Uveitis and Immunology Group of the Ophthalmology Physicians' Branch of the Chinese Medical Association

Corresponding?author：

Ophthalmology Immunology Group of the Chinese Medical Association of Ophthalmology, Email: linglingchen98@hotmail.com; Uveitis and Immunology Group of the Ophthalmology Physicians' Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Email: peizengycmu@126.com

Keywords：

Non-infectious uveitis; Dexamethasone intravitreal implant; Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant; Expert consensus

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20260123-00050

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Uveitis is a common ocular immune-mediated disorder characterized by a protracted course and high recurrence rate. Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone for managing this intra-ocular inflammation. In recent years, advances in pharmaceutical technology have driven the development of novel intravitreal corticosteroid implants, particularly long-acting sustained-release formulations. These devices have been increasingly integrated into the clinical management of a broad spectrum of immune-mediated and vascular ocular diseases, among which the dexamethasone intravitreal implant and fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant are emerging as preferred options for non-infectious uveitis. However, standardized clinical practice guidelines or expert consensus statements regarding the use of these implants remain lacking in China. Appropriate administration of such implants enables rapid suppression of intraocular inflammation, mitigation of inflammatory tissue damage, and effective prevention of disease recurrence. Conversely, inappropriate use may lead to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes, disease reactivation, or even severe adverse events. To promote the standardized application of long-acting sustained-release intravitreal corticosteroid implants in the management of non-infectious uveitis, the the Ocular Immunology Group of the Chinese Ophthalmological Society and the Uveitis and Immunology Group of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association has formulated the present recommendations based on the best available evidence from both domestic and international clinical studies, with the aim of guiding clinicians in the rational implementation of intravitreal corticosteroid therapy.

Citation： Ophthalmology Immunology Group of the Chinese Medical Association of Ophthalmology, Uveitis and Immunology Group of the Ophthalmology Physicians' Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on intraocular corticosteroid implants for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis (2026). Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2026, 42(4): 284-293. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20260123-00050 Copy

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1. Yang P, Zhong Z, Du L, et al. Prevalence and clinical features of systemic diseases in Chinese patients with uveitis[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2021, 105(1): 75-82. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-315960.
2. Agrawal R, Goh YY, Rojas-Carabali W, et al. Immunomodulatory therapy in non-infectious uveitis: current landscape, gaps, and future directions[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2025, 108: 101380[2025-06-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40550324/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101380.
3. Zhong Z, Su G, Yang P. Risk factors, clinical features and treatment of Beh?et's disease uveitis[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2023, 97: 101216[2023-09-19]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37734442/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101216.
4. Yang P, Liao W, Pu Y, et al. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in pediatric, adult and elderly: clinical characteristics and visual outcomes[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2023, 261(9): 2641-2650. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06058-5.
5. Shah SM, Prabhu P, Biswas J. Intravitreal steroid implants in the management of noninfectious intermediate and posterior uveitis[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2025, 73(Suppl 1): S37-46. DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_712_24.
6. Abu Arif J, Knecht VA, Rübsam A, et al. Fluocinolone acetonide implant for uveitis: dissecting responder and non-responder outcomes at a tertiary center[J/OL]. Biomedicines, 2024, 12(5): 1106[2024-05-16]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38791073/. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051106.
7. Thakur A, Kadam RS, Kompella UB. Influence of drug solubility and lipophilicity on transscleral retinal delivery of six corticosteroids[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2011, 39(5): 771-781. DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.037408.
8. Lowder C, Belfort R Jr, Lightman S, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2011, 129(5): 545-553. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.339.
9. Jaffe GJ, Martin D, Callanan D, et al. Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2006, 113(6): 1020-1027. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.02.021.
10. Jaffe GJ, Lin P, Keenan RT, et al. Injectable fluocinolone acetonide long-acting implant for noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(9): 1940-1948. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.05.025.
11. Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial Research Group, Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, et al. Randomized comparison of systemic anti-inflammatory therapy versus fluocinolone acetonide implant for intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis: the multicenter uveitis steroid treatment trial[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(10): 1916-1926. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.027.
12. Jaffe GJ, Ben-Nun J, Guo H, et al. Fluocinolone acetonide sustained drug delivery device to treat severe uveitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 2000, 107(11): 2024-2033. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00466-8.
13. Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment Trial Research Group, Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, et al. The multicenter uveitis steroid treatment trial: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2010, 149(4): 550-561. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.11.019.
14. Jaffe GJ, Pavesio CE. Effect of a Fluocinolone acetonide insert on recurrence rates in noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(10): 1395-1404. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.04.001.
15. Christensen LF, Hassing AK, Klefter ON, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide 0.19 mg intravitreal implant for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis: a systematic review of real-world evidence[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2025, 33(4): 683-694. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2435472.
16. Andrews H, Nair A, Hamdan S, et al. A 1-year retrospective case series of fluocinolone acetonide 0.18-mg injectable intravitreal implant in chronic uveitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2023, 246: 251-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.10.008.
17. Buhl L, Schmelter V, Schworm B, et al. Long-term results of 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide insert for treatment of non-infectious uveitis in clinical practice[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2024, 32(7): 1395-1399. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2250431.
18. Darwisch W, Waizel MDV, Finger RP, et al. Long-term treatment outcomes with a single 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide implant in non-infectious uveitis-a real-world study[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2025, 33(6): 941-947. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2025.2478207.
19. Pleyer U, Pavesio C, Miserocchi E, et al. Fluocinolone acetonide 0.2 μg/day intravitreal implant in non-infectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment: EU expert user panel consensus-based clinical recommendations[J/OL]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2024, 14(1): 22[2024-05-30]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38814386/. DOI: 10.1186/s12348-024-00402-4.
20. Testi I, Pavesio C. Preliminary evaluation of YUTIQ? (fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 0.18 mg) in posterior uveitis[J]. Ther Deliv, 2019, 10(10): 621-625. DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0051.
21. Tomkins-Netzer O, Taylor SR, Bar A, et al. Treatment with repeat dexamethasone implants results in long-term disease control in eyes with noninfectious uveitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(8): 1649-1654. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.02.003.
22. Zola M, Briamonte C, Lorenzi U, et al. Treatment of refractory uveitic macular edema: results of a first and second implant of long-acting intravitreal dexamethasone[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2017, 11: 1949-1956. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S141153.
23. Khurana RN, Porco TC. Efficacy and safety of dexamethasone intravitreal implant for persistent uveitic cystoid macular edema[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(8): 1640-1646. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000515.
24. Mao X, Dai Z, Yang J, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal (FAI) implant for chronic noninfectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye (NIU-PS) in China[J]. Ophthalmol Ther, 2024, 13(6): 1757-1772. DOI: 10.1007/s40123-024-00939-6.
25. Hasanreiso?lu M, ?zdemir HB, ?zkan K, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis[J]. Turk J Ophthalmol, 2019, 49(5): 250-257. DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2019.81594.
26. Reddy A, Liu SH, Brady CJ, et al. Corticosteroid implants for chronic non-infectious uveitis[J/OL]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023, 8(8): CD010469[2023-08-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37642198/. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010469.pub4.
27. Thorne JE, Sugar EA, Holbrook JT, et al. Periocular triamcinolone vs. intravitreal triamcinolone vs. intravitreal dexamethasone implant for the treatment of uveitic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(2): 283-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.021.
28. Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment Trial (MUST) Research Group, Gonzales J, Acharya NR, et al. Macular edema ranibizumab versus intravitreal anti-inflammatory therapy trial[J]. Ophthalmology, 2025, 132(5): 527-537. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.11.021.
29. Kriegel M, Heiligenhaus A, Heinz C. Comparing the efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone and time-displaced fluocinolone acetonide on central retinal thickness in patients with uveitis[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2023, 31(1): 168-174. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.2018469.
30. Liao W, Zhong Z, Su G, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of advanced intravitreal therapeutic agents for noninfectious uveitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J/OL]. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 749312[2022-04-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35450045/. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.749312.
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Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Chinese expert consensus on intraocular corticosteroid implants for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis (2026)

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