ObjectiveTo summarize the application progress of indocyanine green (ICG) angiography in diagnosis and treatment of lymphedema.MethodsThe literature related to dynamic imaging tracing of lymphedema at home and abroad was reviewed extensively. And the research status and progress of ICG angiography in diagnosis and treatment of lymphedema were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsICG angiography can be used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of lymphedema at present and the classification of lymphedema severity, selection of surgical incisions and methods, and intraoperative operation. It can also be used to observe lymphatic drainage and regeneration within 1.5 cm of subcutaneous and determine the prognosis.ConclusionCompared with traditional methods, ICG angiography has more obvious advantages and value in diagnosis and treatment of lymphedema. However, it also has problems such as slow development speed and difficulty in developing deep lymphatic vessels (nodes).
Objective To review the current progress of clinical and experimental research of vascularized lymph node transfer for lymphedema. Methods The domestic and abroad literature about vascularized lymph node transfer in treatment of lymphedema was reviewed and analyzed. Results Experimental studies in animal model indicate that vascularized lymph node transfer can improve lymph node survival and show a promising effectiveness in reducing lymphedema. " Lymphatic wick” and " lymph pump” were the two main hypotheses proposed to explain the potential functional mechanism of vascularized lymph node transfer in treatment of lymphedema. Improvement in lymphedema symptoms are reported in most of the clinical trials, but the level of evidence to advocate this procedure in the treatment of lymphedema remains low because of the small number of the cases and problems in their methodologies. Conclusion Based on current evidence, vascularized lymph node transfer seems to be a promising treatment for lymphedema, but long-term well-designed studies are required to further explore the effectiveness of this procedure.
ObjectiveTo explore the effectiveness of dual-pedicle abdominal flap for unilateral breast reconstruction.MethodsBetween March 2014 and March 2018, a clinical data of 19 female patients underwent dual-pedicle abdominal flap reconstruction because of unilateral mastectomy defect was reviewed retrospectively. The median age was 45 years (range, 32-51 years), including 3 immediate breast reconstruction and 16 delayed breast reconstruction, and left side in 7 cases and right side in 12 cases. Unilateral breast reconstruction were performed for 8 patients with unilateral pedicle transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap and contralateral free TRAM flap, for 3 patients with pedicle TRAM flap and contralateral deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, for 7 patients with bilateral DIEP flaps, for 1 patient with free muscle-sparing TRAM flap and contralateral DIEP flap. The size of abdominal flap ranged from 24 cm×7 cm to 43 cm×13 cm. The donor sites were closed directly.ResultsVascular crisis ocuurred in 1 flap and relieved after surgical exploration. The other flaps survived. Poor wound healing in abdominal incision occurred in 1 patient and was successfully treated with debridement. The other donor sites healed without any other complication. The patients were followed up with a median period of 12 months (range, 4-42 months). Four patients received reparative operation of their reconstructive breast, and 2 patients received mamopexy of the contralateral breast due to mastoptosis. The abdominal BREAST-Q score was 84.1±11.7, chest score was 86.5±8.9, and breast score was 67.6±16.4 at last follow-up.ConclusionThe dual-pedicle abdominal flap for unilateral breast reconstruction provides adequate soft tissue volume and good blood supply. It is a reliable and effective breast reconstructive method for patients who need large tissue volume to make symmetric with the contralateral breast, or slim patients with few tissue in the donor site, or patients with scars in the donor site, especially vertical abdominal scars.
Objective To evaluate the application value of infrared thermography in breast reconstruction, cosmetic surgery, and limb reconstruction. Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 67 patients undergoing breast reconstruction and cosmetic procedures and 30 patients undergoing limb reconstruction between February 2022 and June 2025. The patients undergoing breast reconstruction and cosmetic surgery were all female, aged 25-60 years with a median age of 48 years. Procedures included breast reconstructions in 48 cases, breast reductions in 8, nipple reconstructions in 5, revision breast reconstructions in 2, revision nipple reconstruction in 1, and labia minora reductions in 3. Among the patients undergoing limb reconstruction, 18 were males and 12 were females, aged 29-62 years with a mean age of 43 years. Procedures included skin flap transplants for wound repair in 10 cases, fracture internal fixation in 17, and limb lengthening reconstructions in 3. An infrared thermography device was applied intraoperatively and within 48 hours postoperatively to monitor flap and distal limb temperature and vascular perfusion. Results Intra- and post-operative infrared thermography assessment indicated 2 positive cases (2.1%, 2/97), comprising 1 false positive. Among the 95 negative cases (97.9%, 95/97), 1 false negative was recorded. After operation, 1 case of immediate breast reconstruction exhibited localized vascular compromise at the edge of the local flap, though infrared detection showed no abnormally low skin temperature. The wound healed with delayed healing following dressing changes. One case of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap exhibited persistent infrared hypothermia during transfer. However, the flap demonstrated active dermal hemorrhage and a positive pinch test. Continuous monitoring revealed a subsequent rise in flap temperature, confirming adequate perfusion. The flap survived, with primary wound closure achieved. The postoperative infrared thermal imaging monitoring of the surgical site indicated adequate blood supply with no local ischemic necrosis in other patients. All patients were followed up. The patients undergoing breast reconstruction were followed up 1-30 months, with a median follow-up time of 15 months. The reconstructed breasts and nipples demonstrated good survival. The patients undergoing labia minora reduction were followed 3, 8, and 13 months, respectively. The surgical sites exhibited favorable appearance and blood supply. The patients undergoing limb reconstruction were followed 1-12 months (mean, 7 months). Transplanted flaps showed good survival, and patients with fractures or limb lengthening achieved favorable limb recovery. Conclusion Infrared thermography offers a convenient, non-invasive, and objective supplementary indicator for breast and limb reconstruction. This technology can be used intra- and post-operatively to assess blood supply, thereby aiding surgical decision-making and reducing the risk of postoperative complications. However, attention should be paid to the potential for false positives and false negatives.