Evidence-based evidence translated into health care services requires three conversion processes, preclinical research-clinical research-implementation research, which might take a very long time. In order to speed up the process of research results translated into daily medical practice and health policy, an effectiveness-implementation hybrid design combining the effectiveness research of clinical and implementation research was emerging. This paper introduced the concept, classification and application of effectiveness-implementation hybrid design, to provide references for researchers in this area.
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common blinding retinal vascular disease. Secondary macular edema, retinal ischemia, and neovascular complications can lead to severe visual impairment. The 2024 edition of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China systematically elaborates on the etiology, classification, and diagnostic and therapeutic workflow of RVO, emphasizes the importance of whole-course management, clarifies the application principles of laser photocoagulation, and establishes anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy as the first-line treatment. In recent years, the types of anti-VEGF drugs have continuously expanded, the administration schemes and clinical treatment experience have been continuously accumulated, and many new advancements have been made in the research on prognostic biomarkers, which have driven the drug treatment for RVO to enter a new stage of development. In view of this, it is of great clinical and practical significance to supplement the evidence and refine the strategies in the clinical intervention section of the 2024 edition of the consensus. Therefore, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, in collaboration with the expert group of Chinese expert consensus on clinical intervention pathway for retinal vein occlusion (2026 supplemented edition), after systematically reviewing the latest evidence-based medical data, referring to relevant international guidelines, and based on the current clinical practice situation in China, conducted in-depth discussions on six key clinical issues in the field of RVO drug therapy. They supplemented and updated the 2024 edition of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China, and ultimately formed this consensus. This consensus aims to provide retinal specialists and other practitioners in ophthalmology with more advanced and personalized medical standardized guidance for RVO, ensuring treatment safety and efficacy for patients.
Macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) represents the core pathological mechanism underlying vision impairment in affected patients. The 2024 edition of the Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China has systematically established a framework for standardized RVO diagnosis and management, emphasizing the importance of systemic factor assessment and whole-course disease management, while also defining the timing and protocols for retinal laser photocoagulation. In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved in the pharmacotherapy of RVO, driven by the expanding array of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, continued optimization of dosing regimens, accumulating clinical evidence for intravitreal corticosteroid implants, and advancing research on prognostic biomarkers, all of which have presented new opportunities and challenges in clinical practice. Against this backdrop, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, in collaboration with leading national experts, have formulated the Interpretation of the Chinese expert consensus on clinical intervention pathway for retinal vein occlusion (2026 supplemented edition). This interpretive article aims to systematically review and elaborate on the recommendations pertaining to the six core clinical questions addressed in this Consensus, with the goal of assisting ophthalmologists in accurately grasping the essential principles, standardizing clinical decision-making, and thereby promoting continuous improvement of the RVO pharmacotherapy quality management system in China, while safeguarding patient treatment safety and visual outcomes.