Objective To determine the expression of the growth factors and the receptors related to angiogenesis in the intraocular tissues incarcerating in the sclerotomy sites. Methods Ten specimens from prolapsing intraocular tissues in sclerotomy sites during vitrectomy were obtained and serially sectioned in cryostate and were stained with a group of polyclonal antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor-A(PDGF-A) and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) as well as their receptors by using a streptavidin peroxidase system. Results The tissues prolapsed from the sclerotomy sites were identified as retina(3 cases), vitreous tissues(3 cases), degenerated red blood cell components(2 cases), ciliary body(one case) and fibrous tissue(one case). All specimens expressed VEGF and bFGF as well as their receptors. PDGF-A, TGF-β1 and their receptors expressed in the most of specimens. The positive cells included retinal cells, ciliary non-pigmented epithelial cells and pigmented epithelial cells, fibrous cells and the cells in vitreous. Conclusions The intraocular tissues incarcerated in the sclerotomy entries express the growth factors and receptors related to angiogenesis. This might be one of the potential factors of developing anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2002, 18: 34-37)
Objective To investigate the operative procedure and the effectiveness of eosinophil ic granuloma (EG) of long bones in children. Methods Between January 2005 and December 2009, 14 patients with EG of long bones were treated. There were 9 boys and 5 girls, aged from 1 to 13 years (mean, 6.5 years). The locations were femur in 5 cases, humerus in 4 cases, tibia in 2 cases, fibula in 1 case, and femur compl icated with tibia in 2 cases. The disease duration was7 days to 10 months (median, 2 months). X-ray films showed that osteolytic destruction had clear boundary, which did notinvolve the epi physeal plate. Of 14 cases, 12 cases of tumor were treated by curettage, autologous il iac bone or combined artificial bone graft repair, and 2 cases were treated by resection, autologous il iac reconstruction, plate and screw fixation. Five cases compl icated with pathological fracture underwent reduction and fixation. Results All cases were diagnosed pathologically as having EG. All incisions healed by first intention. A total of 12 patients were followed up 1 to 4 years (mean, 2 years). The X-ray films showed tumor focus and pathological fracture healed within 3 to 4 months (mean, 3.5 months). Tibial lesion was found in 1 case of femoral tumor after 8 months, and was curred after reoperation. No recurrence occurred in other 11 cases. According to comprehensive assessing standard of X-ray film and joint function, the results of all cases were excellent. Conclusion EG of long bones in children is more common in the femur and humerus. Tumor curettage and autologous il iac bone graft repair is an effective method, and postoperative prognosis is good. There may be multiple lesions, so long-term follow-up is needed.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease affected by environmental factors and genetic variation, which is a major cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly. miRNA is a kind of endogenous non-coding RNA, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AMD, such as oxidative stress, pathological neovascularization and inflammation, by inhibiting or silencing the expression of transcription genes. miRNA has unique advantages in terms of ease synthesis, targeting and additive effect, a large number of experiments have proved the therapeutic potential of miRNA in AMD, which is expected to become a new method for the treatment of AMD in the future. Since the pathogenesis of AMD has not been fully elucidated, it is still necessary to continue to study the pathogenesis of AMD, the biological effects and mechanisms of various miRNA in the occurrence and development of AMD, and observe its therapeutic effects in AMD, so as to provide more effective options for the precise prevention and treatment of AMD.
ObjectiveTo observe and analyze the influencing factors for the prognosis of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug treatment in patients with macular neovascularization (MNV) under 45 years old. MethodsA retrospective clinical case study. A total of 89 MNV patients with 96 eyes who were diagnosed and treated with anti-VEGF drugs in Department of Ophthalmology of The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2020 to January 2024 were included in the study. The ages of all patients were ＜45 years old. All patients underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations; 49 eyes underwent OCT angiography (OCTA) examination. The BCVA examination was carried out using the international standard visual acuity chart and was converted into the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity for statistics. The macular foveal thickness (CMT) was measured using an OCT instrument. The size of the MNV lesion was measured using the software of the OCTA self-contained device. The affected eyes were given intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs once, and then the drugs were administered as needed after evaluation. The follow-up time after treatment was ≥6 months. During the follow-up, relevant examinations were performed using the same equipment and methods as before treatment. The last follow-up was taken as the time point for efficacy evaluation. According to the OCT image characteristics of the MNV lesions, the affected eyes were divided into the fibrous scar group and the non-fibrous scar group, with 52 (54.16%, 52/96) and 44 (45.83%, 44/96) eyes respectively. Comparing the CMT and BCVA at the last follow-up with those at the baseline, the affected eyes were divided into the CMT reduction group, the CMT increase group, the BCVA improvement group and the BCVA reduction group, with 66 (68.75%, 66/96), 30 (31.25%, 30/96) eyes and 74 (77.08%, 74/96), 22 (22.92%, 22/96) eyes respectively. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of non-normally distributed measurement data between groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent factors affecting the prognosis of MNV patients. ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in the age (Z=?0.928) and gender composition ratio (χ2= 0.123) between the fibrous scar group and the non-fibrous scar group (P＞0.05); there were statistically significant differences in the number of eyes with a follow-up time of ≥36 months and ＜36 months (χ2= 3.906, P=0.048); there were statistically significant differences in the size of the MNV lesions (Z=?2.385, P=0.017); there were statistically significant differences in the number of eyes with different vascular network morphologies (χ2=12.936, P=0.001). Before treatment and at the last follow-up, the CMT of the affected eyes was 267.50 (237.25, 311.75) μm and 242.00 (217.25, 275.75) μm respectively; logMAR BCVA was 0.20 (0.10, 0.50) and 0.35 (0.16, 0.60) logMAR respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the CMT and logMAR BCVA before treatment and at the last follow-up (Z=?3.311,?1.984; P=0.001, 0.047). There were statistically significant differences in different ages (Z=?2.284), myopic diopter (χ2=7.437), etiology (χ2=6.956), and disease course (Z=?1.687) between the CMT reduction group and the CMT increase group (P＜0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the number of eyes with different subjective feelings between the BCVA improvement group and the BCVA reduction group (χ2=10.133, P＜0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the etiology was an independent risk factor for CMT thickening. ConclusionsAge, etiology, myopic diopter, disease course, follow-up time, lesion size and the morphology of the neovascular network are the influencing factors for the prognosis of anti-VEGF drug treatment in MNV patients under 45 years old. The etiology is an independent risk factor for CMT increase.
Objective To investigate auto-cortex of crystalline lens-induced neovascular epiretinal membrane（NVERM）by micro-injuring posterior c apsule of crystalline lens. Methods twenty four C57BL/6 mouse between 4-6 weeks were selected, and divided into two groups randomly: auto-cortex of crystalline group and the control group. The auto-cortex of crystalline group was treated by penetrating the posterior capsule of lens and washing out the lens cortex into the mouse vitreous using PBS (phosphate buffered solution), while the control group were injected PBS into vitreous merely. Clinical change s were followed by slit-lamp examination and photograph. The eye balls were enu cleated at the day of 3, 7, 14 and 28 after operation. Both HE and immunohistoch emistry were used to detect the pathological changes. Results postoperative one to three days, 11 of 12 mouse in autocortex of crystalline g roup, lens appear to alba turbid at different levels one after another, and then develop into highdensity chinaware white. Postoperative (po) three days, HE s taining shows cortex of lens debris transmigrated in vitreous cavity, and some o f which approached to internal limiting membrane and lead it to rough and discon tinue; Po7-14 days, the capillary in retina expanded, migrated and broke though t internal limiting membrane which got to the pro retina and became the new ves sels. And typical NVERM were observed. Po28 days, some vascularslike structure formed in vitreous cavity. None of mouse in control group developed NVERM. Conclusion Auto-cortex of crystalline lens can induced neovascular epiretinal membrane in C57BL/6 mouse. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,2008,24:118-121)
Gelastic seizure (GS) is a type of epilepsy characterized primarily by inappropriate bursts of laughter, with or without other epileptic events. Based on the timing of symptoms, the presence of emotional changes, and disturbances of consciousness, GS is classified into simple and complex types. The generation of laughter involves two major neural pathways: the emotional pathway and the volitional pathway. The neural network involved in GS includes structures such as the frontal lobe, insula, cingulate gyrus, temporal lobe, and brainstem.The most common cause of GS is a hypothalamic hamartoma, and stereotactic electroencephalography can record discharges from the lesion itself. Surgical removal of the hypothalamic hamartoma can result in immediate cessation of GS in the majority of patients, while some may experience partial improvement with persistent epileptic-like discharges detectable on scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Early surgical intervention may improve prognosis.In cases of non-hypothalamic origin of GS with no apparent imaging abnormalities, focal discharges are often observed on EEG and these cases respond well to antiepileptic drugs. Conversely, patients with structural abnormalities suggested by imaging studies tend to have multifocal discharges and a poorer response to medication. In a small subset of medically refractory non-hypothalamic GS, surgical intervention can effectively control symptoms.This article provides a comprehensive review of the etiology, neural networks involved, EEG characteristics, and treatment options for GS, with the goal of improving understanding of this relatively rare type of epileptic seizure.
Objective To observe the preventive and therapeutic effect of different times, spot reactions and spot density of argon laser photocoagulation on retinal neovas cularization of ischemic retinal vein occlusion (IRVO).Meth9al of 244 patients (268 eyes) with IRVO diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were treated by HGM argon laser photocoagulator with green-blue light with 200~500 μm lightspot, 0.1~0.5 s, 0.3~1.0 w, and II~III class spot reaction . All capillary nonperfusion areas (CNA) were photocoagulated, and so were the retinal neovascularization in some patients. The follow up periods were from 6 to 60 months. After 3 and 24 weeks after photocoagulation FFA was performed again. Photocoagulation was performed supplementarilly for the new CNA or incompletely photocoagulated areas. Ophthalmoscopic examination and FFA were performed in all the patients after half a year.Results Only 17 eyes (10.6%) with neovascularization were found after preventive photocoagulation in 160 eyes in non-neovacularization group. Sixty-nine eyes(63.9%) with neovascular atrophy and 39 eyes (36 .1%) with unsuccessful photocoagulation were found after therapeutic photocoagulation in 108 eyes in neovascularization group. There was statistical significance between the two groups (P＜0.01). Photocoagulation energy with reaction of III class and density of 1 lightspot diameter was more effective than which with reaction of II~III class and density of 1.5 lightspot diameter or reaction of ≤II class and density of 2 lightspot diameter (P＜0.01). Conclusion Efficacy of preventive photocoagulation is better than which of therapeutic photocoagulation. Photocoagulation energy with reaction of III class and density of 1 lightspot diameter is an effective method for IRVO.(Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2003，19：201-268)
In order to characterize the characteristics of pathological tremor of human upper limb, a simulation system of pathological tremor of human arm was provided and its dynamic response was analyzed. Firstly, in this study, a two-degree-of-freedom human arm dynamic model was established and linearized according to the arbitrary initial angle of joints. After solving the analytical solutions of steady-state responses of the joints, the numerical solution was used to verify it. The results of theoretical analysis show that the two natural frequencies of the developed dynamic model are 2.9 Hz and 5.4 Hz, respectively, which meet the characteristic frequency range of pathological tremors. Then, combined with the measured parameters of human arm, a tremor simulation system was built, and the measured results of joint responses are in good agreement with the theoretical and simulation analysis results, which verifies the effectiveness of the theoretical model. The results show that the human arm pathological tremor simulation system designed in this paper can characterize the frequency and response amplitude of the human upper limb pathological tremor. Moreover, the relevant research lays a theoretical foundation and experimental conditions for the subsequent development of wearable tremor suppression devices.
ObjectiveTo review the research progress of the roles of inflammation and immune response in the formation of pathological scar. MethodsThe recent literature concerning the formation mechanism of pathological scar was extensively consulted, inflammation and immune response involved in the formation of pathological scar was reviewed. ResultsThe formation of pathological scar is associated with inflammation and immune response, some inflammatory factors will promote the activation of immune cells, then induce immune cells releasing cytokines and aggravate inflammatory response. However, inflammation response also affects the level of immune response. So they work together to promote the formation of pathological scar by the immuno-inflammatory cells and media. ConclusionThe formation of pathological scar is not only related to inflammation response, but also involves in immune response. Moreover, immune response is the new progress in the study of pathological scar mechanism in recent years. Further research of immuno-inflammatory response will provide new ideas and corresponding basis for the prevention of pathological scar.