兒童失神癲癇藥物治療預后的研究進展_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

張珂 ,  王小姍

南京醫科大學附屬腦科醫院神經內科（南京 210029）;

Corresponding?author：

王小姍, Email: lidou2005@126.com

Keywords：

兒童失神癲癇; 抗癲癇藥物; 預后; 影響因素

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.20210084

Video：

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兒童失神癲癇（Childhood absence epilepsy，CAE）是由多種遺傳病因引起的最常見的特發性全面性非驚厥性癲癇，與 CAE 預后相關的因素眾多，但目前尚未有確切共識的指南供臨床參考，本文對 CAE 患兒藥物治療、預后情況和預后影響因素作一綜述，以期能為 CAE 患兒臨床的診療實踐提供一定的參考和意見。

Citation： 張珂, 王小姍. 兒童失神癲癇藥物治療預后的研究進展. Journal of Epilepsy, 2021, 7(6): 510-514. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.20210084 Copy

1.	Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(3): 551-563.
2.	Coulter DA, Huguenard JR, Prince DA. Characterization of ethosuximide reduction of low-threshold calcium current in thalamic neurons. Annals of neurology, 1989, 25(6): 582-593.
3.	Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. The New England journal of medicine, 2010, 362(9): 790-799.
4.	Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(1): 141-155.
5.	Dezsi G, Ozturk E, Stanic D, et al. Ethosuximide reduces epileptogenesis and behavioral comorbidity in the GAERS model of genetic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(4): 635-643.
6.	Berg AT, Levy SR, Testa FM, et al. Long-term seizure remission in childhood absence epilepsy: might initial treatment matter? Epilepsia, 2014, 55 (4): 551-557.
7.	Deonna T, Davidoff V, Maeder-Ingvar M, et al. The spectrum of acquired cognitive disturbances in children with partial epilepsy and continuous spike-waves during sleep. A 4-year follow-up case study with prolonged reversible learning arrest and dysfluency. European journal of paediatric neurology:EJPN:official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 1997, 1(1): 19-29.
8.	Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Arya R, et al. Second monotherapy in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology, 2017, 88(2): 182-190.
9.	Manning JP, Richards DA, Bowery NG. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 2003, 24(10): 542-549.
10.	Verrotti A, D'Egidio C, Mohn A, et al. Antiepileptic drugs, sex hormones, and PCOS. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(2): 199-211.
11.	El-Khatib F, Rauchenzauner M, Lechleitner M, et al. Valproate, weight gain and carbohydrate craving: a gender study. Seizure, 2007, 16(3): 226-232.
12.	Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: Treatment of new-onset epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology, 2018, 91(2): 74-81.
13.	Coppola G, Auricchio G, Federico R, et al. Lamotrigine versus valproic acid as first-line monotherapy in newly diagnosed typical absence seizures: an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Epilepsia, 2004, 45(9): 1049-1053.
14.	Frank LM, Enlow T, Holmes GL, et al. Lamictal (lamotrigine) monotherapy for typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsia, 1999, 40(7): 973-979.
15.	Callenbach PM, Bouma PA, Geerts AT, et al. Long-term outcome of childhood absence epilepsy: Dutch Study of Epilepsy in Childhood. Epilepsy research, 2009, 83(2-3): 249-256.
16.	Shinnar S, Cnaan A, Hu F, et al. Long-term outcomes of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a childhood absence epilepsy trial. Neurology, 2015, 85(13): 1108-1114.
17.	Wirrell EC, Camfield CS, Camfield PR, et al. Long-term psychosocial outcome in typical absence epilepsy. Sometimes a wolf in sheeps' clothing. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 1997, 151(2): 152-158.
18.	Vanasse CM, Béland R, Carmant L, et al. Impact of childhood epilepsy on reading and phonological processing abilities. Epilepsy & behavior:E& B, 2005, 7(2): 288-296.
19.	Abarrategui B, Parejo-Carbonell B, García García ME, et al. The cognitive phenotype of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior:E& B, 2018: 8999-9104.
20.	Fonseca Wald ELA, Klinkenberg S, Voncken TPC, et al. Cognitive development in absence epilepsy during long-term follow-up. Child neuropsychology:a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence, 2019, 25(8): 1003-1021.
21.	Williams J, Lange B, Phillips T, et al. The course of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in children with new onset seizures. Epilepsy & behavior:E& B, 2002, 3(6): 517-521.
22.	Grosso S, Galimberti D, Vezzosi P, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: evolution and prognostic factors. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(11): 1796-1801.
23.	Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1989, 30(4): 389-399.
24.	Blum DE, Eskola J, Bortz JJ, et al. Patient awareness of seizures. Neurology, 1996, 47(1): 260-264.
25.	Elger CE, Hoppe C. Diagnostic challenges in epilepsy: seizure under-reporting and seizure detection. The Lancet Neurology, 2018, 17(3): 279-288.
26.	Morse E, Giblin K, Chung MH, et al. Historical trend toward improved long-term outcome in childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy research, 2019: 1527-1610.
27.	Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. The New England journal of medicine, 2000, 342(5): 314-319.
28.	Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Gordon K, et al. If a first antiepileptic drug fails to control a child's epilepsy, what are the chances of success with the next drug? The Journal of pediatrics, 1997, 131 (6): 821-824.
29.	Wirrell E, Camfield C, Camfield P, et al. Prognostic significance of failure of the initial antiepileptic drug in children with absence epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(6): 760-763.
30.	Dlugos D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment EEG in childhood absence epilepsy: associations with attention and treatment outcome. Neurology, 2013, 81(2): 150-156.
31.	Sadleir LG, Farrell K, Smith S, et al. Electroclinical features of absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology, 2006, 67(3): 413-418.
32.	Kessler SK, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment seizure semiology in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology, 2017, 89(7): 673-679.
33.	Glauser TA, Holland K, O'Brien VP, et al. Pharmacogenetics of antiepileptic drug efficacy in childhood absence epilepsy. Annals of neurology, 2017, 81(3): 444-453.
34.	Potschka H, Fedrowitz M, L?scher W. P-Glycoprotein-mediated efflux of phenobarbital, lamotrigine, and felbamate at the blood-brain barrier: evidence from microdialysis experiments in rats. Neuroscience letters, 2002, 327(3): 173-176.
35.	Zhang C, Kwan P, Zuo Z, et al. The transport of antiepileptic drugs by P-glycoprotein. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 2012, 64(10): 930-942.
36.	王曉雨, 陳靜, 鄭幗, 等. 首次治療兒童失神癲癇短期預后的評估. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2017, 32(5): 369-373.
37.	Joci?-Jakubi B, Jovanovi? M, Jankovi? DS, et al. Frontal-onset absences in children: associated with worse outcome? A replication study. Seizure, 2009, 18(4): 275-278.
38.	Tenney JR, Kadis DS, Agler W, et al. Ictal connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy: Associations with outcome. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(5): 971-981.
39.	Szaflarski JP, Kay B, Gotman J, et al. The relationship between the localization of the generalized spike and wave discharge generators and the response to valproate. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(3): 471-480.
40.	Miao A, Wang Y, Xiang J, et al. Ictal source locations and cortico-thalamic connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy: associations with treatment response. Brain topography, 2019, 32(1): 178-191.
41.	Zhang K, Sun J, Sun Y, et al. Pretreatment source location and functional connectivity network correlated with therapy response in childhood absence epilepsy: A magnetoencephalography study. Frontiers in neurology, 2021: 12692126.
42.	Akdemir V, Sut N, Guldiken B. Factors affecting the quality of life in drug-resistant epilepsy patients. Acta neurologica Belgica, 2016, 116(4): 513-518.
43.	Tombini M, Assenza G, Quintiliani L, et al. Epilepsy-associated stigma from the perspective of people with epilepsy and the community in Italy. Epilepsy & behavior, 2019, 98(PtA): 66-72.

1. Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(3): 551-563.
2. Coulter DA, Huguenard JR, Prince DA. Characterization of ethosuximide reduction of low-threshold calcium current in thalamic neurons. Annals of neurology, 1989, 25(6): 582-593.
3. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. The New England journal of medicine, 2010, 362(9): 790-799.
4. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(1): 141-155.
5. Dezsi G, Ozturk E, Stanic D, et al. Ethosuximide reduces epileptogenesis and behavioral comorbidity in the GAERS model of genetic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(4): 635-643.
6. Berg AT, Levy SR, Testa FM, et al. Long-term seizure remission in childhood absence epilepsy: might initial treatment matter? Epilepsia, 2014, 55 (4): 551-557.
7. Deonna T, Davidoff V, Maeder-Ingvar M, et al. The spectrum of acquired cognitive disturbances in children with partial epilepsy and continuous spike-waves during sleep. A 4-year follow-up case study with prolonged reversible learning arrest and dysfluency. European journal of paediatric neurology:EJPN:official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 1997, 1(1): 19-29.
8. Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Arya R, et al. Second monotherapy in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology, 2017, 88(2): 182-190.
9. Manning JP, Richards DA, Bowery NG. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 2003, 24(10): 542-549.
10. Verrotti A, D'Egidio C, Mohn A, et al. Antiepileptic drugs, sex hormones, and PCOS. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(2): 199-211.
11. El-Khatib F, Rauchenzauner M, Lechleitner M, et al. Valproate, weight gain and carbohydrate craving: a gender study. Seizure, 2007, 16(3): 226-232.
12. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: Treatment of new-onset epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology, 2018, 91(2): 74-81.
13. Coppola G, Auricchio G, Federico R, et al. Lamotrigine versus valproic acid as first-line monotherapy in newly diagnosed typical absence seizures: an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Epilepsia, 2004, 45(9): 1049-1053.
14. Frank LM, Enlow T, Holmes GL, et al. Lamictal (lamotrigine) monotherapy for typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsia, 1999, 40(7): 973-979.
15. Callenbach PM, Bouma PA, Geerts AT, et al. Long-term outcome of childhood absence epilepsy: Dutch Study of Epilepsy in Childhood. Epilepsy research, 2009, 83(2-3): 249-256.
16. Shinnar S, Cnaan A, Hu F, et al. Long-term outcomes of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a childhood absence epilepsy trial. Neurology, 2015, 85(13): 1108-1114.
17. Wirrell EC, Camfield CS, Camfield PR, et al. Long-term psychosocial outcome in typical absence epilepsy. Sometimes a wolf in sheeps' clothing. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 1997, 151(2): 152-158.
18. Vanasse CM, Béland R, Carmant L, et al. Impact of childhood epilepsy on reading and phonological processing abilities. Epilepsy & behavior:E& B, 2005, 7(2): 288-296.
19. Abarrategui B, Parejo-Carbonell B, García García ME, et al. The cognitive phenotype of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior:E& B, 2018: 8999-9104.
20. Fonseca Wald ELA, Klinkenberg S, Voncken TPC, et al. Cognitive development in absence epilepsy during long-term follow-up. Child neuropsychology:a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence, 2019, 25(8): 1003-1021.
21. Williams J, Lange B, Phillips T, et al. The course of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in children with new onset seizures. Epilepsy & behavior:E& B, 2002, 3(6): 517-521.
22. Grosso S, Galimberti D, Vezzosi P, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: evolution and prognostic factors. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(11): 1796-1801.
23. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1989, 30(4): 389-399.
24. Blum DE, Eskola J, Bortz JJ, et al. Patient awareness of seizures. Neurology, 1996, 47(1): 260-264.
25. Elger CE, Hoppe C. Diagnostic challenges in epilepsy: seizure under-reporting and seizure detection. The Lancet Neurology, 2018, 17(3): 279-288.
26. Morse E, Giblin K, Chung MH, et al. Historical trend toward improved long-term outcome in childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy research, 2019: 1527-1610.
27. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. The New England journal of medicine, 2000, 342(5): 314-319.
28. Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Gordon K, et al. If a first antiepileptic drug fails to control a child's epilepsy, what are the chances of success with the next drug? The Journal of pediatrics, 1997, 131 (6): 821-824.
29. Wirrell E, Camfield C, Camfield P, et al. Prognostic significance of failure of the initial antiepileptic drug in children with absence epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(6): 760-763.
30. Dlugos D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment EEG in childhood absence epilepsy: associations with attention and treatment outcome. Neurology, 2013, 81(2): 150-156.
31. Sadleir LG, Farrell K, Smith S, et al. Electroclinical features of absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology, 2006, 67(3): 413-418.
32. Kessler SK, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment seizure semiology in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology, 2017, 89(7): 673-679.
33. Glauser TA, Holland K, O'Brien VP, et al. Pharmacogenetics of antiepileptic drug efficacy in childhood absence epilepsy. Annals of neurology, 2017, 81(3): 444-453.
34. Potschka H, Fedrowitz M, L?scher W. P-Glycoprotein-mediated efflux of phenobarbital, lamotrigine, and felbamate at the blood-brain barrier: evidence from microdialysis experiments in rats. Neuroscience letters, 2002, 327(3): 173-176.
35. Zhang C, Kwan P, Zuo Z, et al. The transport of antiepileptic drugs by P-glycoprotein. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 2012, 64(10): 930-942.
36. 王曉雨, 陳靜, 鄭幗, 等. 首次治療兒童失神癲癇短期預后的評估. 中華實用兒科臨床雜志, 2017, 32(5): 369-373.
37. Joci?-Jakubi B, Jovanovi? M, Jankovi? DS, et al. Frontal-onset absences in children: associated with worse outcome? A replication study. Seizure, 2009, 18(4): 275-278.
38. Tenney JR, Kadis DS, Agler W, et al. Ictal connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy: Associations with outcome. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(5): 971-981.
39. Szaflarski JP, Kay B, Gotman J, et al. The relationship between the localization of the generalized spike and wave discharge generators and the response to valproate. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(3): 471-480.
40. Miao A, Wang Y, Xiang J, et al. Ictal source locations and cortico-thalamic connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy: associations with treatment response. Brain topography, 2019, 32(1): 178-191.
41. Zhang K, Sun J, Sun Y, et al. Pretreatment source location and functional connectivity network correlated with therapy response in childhood absence epilepsy: A magnetoencephalography study. Frontiers in neurology, 2021: 12692126.
42. Akdemir V, Sut N, Guldiken B. Factors affecting the quality of life in drug-resistant epilepsy patients. Acta neurologica Belgica, 2016, 116(4): 513-518.
43. Tombini M, Assenza G, Quintiliani L, et al. Epilepsy-associated stigma from the perspective of people with epilepsy and the community in Italy. Epilepsy & behavior, 2019, 98(PtA): 66-72.

Journal of Epilepsy

兒童失神癲癇藥物治療預后的研究進展

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