癲癇持續狀態長期結局：一項關鍵評價_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

 SculierC , Gaínza-LeinM , Sánchez FernándezI , 李思思　譯 , 童馨　慕潔　審

Corresponding?author：

SculierC, Email: tobias.loddenkemper@childrens.harvard.edu

Keywords：

認知結果; 癲癇; 功能損害; 死亡率; 神經后遺癥; 生活質量

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.20200011

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

回顧性分析 37 項關于兒童和成人癲癇持續狀態（Status epilepticus, SE）長期結果的研究，總結其研究設計、隨訪時間、結果評估、調查地區（死亡率、SE 復發、繼發性癲癇、認知結果、功能結果或生活質量）以及長期預后的預測因素。盡管既往研究設計存在異質性，兒童和成人在 SE 后長期不良結局的總體風險均很高。病因是影響結局的主要因素，年齡或 SE 持續時間的影響往往難以與潛在病因區分開來。治療對 SE 遠期療效的影響尚不清楚。

Citation： SculierC, Gaínza-LeinM, Sánchez FernándezI, 李思思　譯, 童馨　慕潔　審. 癲癇持續狀態長期結局：一項關鍵評價. Journal of Epilepsy, 2020, 6(1): 53-62. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.20200011 Copy

1.	Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 17(1): 3-23.
2.	Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence‐based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr, 2016, 16(1): 48-61.
3.	Abend NS, Loddenkemper T. Pediatric status epilepticus management. Curr Opin Pediatr, 2014, 26(3): 668-674.
4.	Raspall-Chaure M, Chin RFM, Neville BG, et al. Outcome of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(Suppl): 769-779.
5.	Ferro MA, Chin RFM, Camfield CS, et al. Convulsive status epilepticus and health‐related quality of life in children with epilepsy. Neurology, 2014, 83(4): 752-757.
6.	Mets?ranta P, Koivikko M, Peltola J, et al. Outcome after prolonged convulsive seizures in 186 children: low morbidity, no mortality. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2004, 46(1): 4-8.
7.	Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, et al. Incidence of status epilepticus in rochester, minnesota, 1965‐1984. Neurology, 1998, 50(4): 735-741.
8.	DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, et al. A prospective, population‐based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in richmond. Virginia Neurology, 1996, 46(8): 1029-1035.
9.	Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino GD, et al. Recurrence of afebrile status epilepticus in a population‐based study in rochester, minnesota. Neurology, 2007, 69(1): 73-78.
10.	Adachi N, Kanemoto K, Muramatsu R, et al. Intellectual prognosis of status epilepticus in adult epilepsy patients: analysis with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐revised. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(Suppl 2): 1502-1509.
11.	Logroscino G, Hesdorffer DC, Cascino G, et al. Status epilepticus without an underlying cause and risk of death: a population‐based study. Arch Neurol, 2008, 65(2): 221-224.
12.	Risti? AJ, Soki? DV, Trajkovi? G, et al. Long‐term survival in patients with status epilepticus: a tertiary referral center study. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(1): 57-61.
13.	DeLorenzo RJ, Towne AR, Pellock JM, et al. Status epilepticus in children, adults, and the elderly. Epilepsia, 1992, 33(Suppl 4): 15-25.
14.	Holtkamp M, Othman J, Buchheim K, et al. Predictors and prognosis of refractory status epilepticus treated in a neurological intensive care unit. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2005, 76(4): 534-539.
15.	Cooper AD, Britton JW, Rabinstein AA. Functional and cognitive outcome in prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Arch Neurol, 2009, 66(Suppl): 1505-1509.
16.	Jayalakshmi S, Ruikar D, Vooturi S, et al. Determinants and predictors of outcome in super refractory status epilepticus-a developing country perspective. Epilepsy Res, 2014, 108(12): 1609-1617.
17.	Maegaki Y, Kurozawa Y, Hanaki K, et al. Risk factors for fatality and neurological sequelae after status epilepticus in children. Neuropediatrics, 2005, 36(2): 186-192.
18.	Kortland LM, Knake S, von Podewils F, et al. Socioeconomic outcome and quality of life in adults after status epilepticus: a multicenter, longitudinal, matched case‐control analysis from germany. Front Neurol, 2017, 8(4): 507.
19.	Atmaca MM, Bebek N, Baykan B, et al. Predictors of outcomes and refractoriness in status epilepticus: a prospective study. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 75: 158-164.
20.	Legriel S, Azoulay E, Resche-Rigon M, et al. Functional outcome after convulsive status epilepticus. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(5): 2295-2303.
21.	Kilbride RD, Reynolds AS, Szaflarski JP, et al. Clinical outcomes following prolonged refractory status epilepticus (PRSE). Neurocrit Care, 2013, 18(3): 374-385.
22.	Erklauer JO, Wilfong A, Jeanine G. Outcome in refractory and super‐refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurocrit Care, 2016, 25(Suppl 1): 1-310.
23.	Li Y, Tian L, Zeng T, et al. Clinical features and outcome of super‐refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective analysis in west China. Seizure, 2014, 23(6): 722-727.
24.	Kim SJ, Lee DY, Kim JS. Neurologic outcomes of pediatric epileptic patients with pentobarbital coma. Pediatr Neurol, 2001, 25(2): 217-220.
25.	Loddenkemper T, Goodkin HP. Treatment of pediatric status epilepticus. Curr Treat Options Neurol, 2011, 13(4): 560-573.
26.	Maytal J, Shinnar S, Moshé SL, et al. Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children. Pediatrics, 1989, 83(3): 323-331.
27.	Eriksson KJ, Koivikko MJ. Status epilepticus in children: aetiology, treatment, and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol, 1997, 39(5): 652-658.
28.	Barnard C, Wirrell E. Does status epilepticus in children cause developmental deterioration and exacerbation of epilepsy? J Child Neurol, 1999, 14(5): 787-794.
29.	Hussain N, Appleton R, Thorburn K. Aetiology, course and outcome of children admitted to paediatric intensive care with convulsive status epilepticus: a retrospective 5‐year review. Seizure, 2007, 16(2): 305-312.
30.	Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, et al. Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure: effect of status epilepticus. Ann Neurol, 1998, 44(7): 908-912.
31.	Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL, et al. The risk of seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked afebrile seizure in childhood: an extended follow‐up. Pediatrics, 1996, 98(2): 216-225.
32.	Berg AT. Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(Suppl 1): 13-18.
33.	Camfield P, Camfield C. Unprovoked status epilepticus: the prognosis for otherwise normal children with focal epilepsy. Pediatrics, 2012, 130(4): 501-506.
34.	Sillanp?? M, Shinnar S. Status epilepticus in a population‐based cohort with childhood‐onset epilepsy in Finland. Ann Neurol, 2002, 52(3): 303-310.
35.	Shinnar S, Maytal J, Krasnoff L, et al. Recurrent status epilepticus in children. Ann Neurol, 1992, 31(5): 598-604.
36.	Tabarki B, Yacoub M, Selmi H, et al. Infantile status epilepticus in Tunisia. Clinical, etiological and prognostic aspects. Seizure, 2001, 10(2): 365-369.
37.	Martinos MM, Yoong M, Patil S, et al. Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: a longitudinal study. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(Suppl 1): 1012-1019.
38.	Chevrie JJ, Aicardi J. Convulsive disorders in the first year of life: neurological and mental outcome and mortality. Epilepsia, 1978, 19(1): 67-74.
39.	Hermann BP, Seidenberg M, Dow C, et al. Cognitive prognosis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol, 2006, 60(1): 80-87.
40.	De Marchis GM, Pugin D, Meyers E, et al. Seizure burden in subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with functional and cognitive outcome. Neurology, 2016, 86(2): 253-260.
41.	Holmes GL. Effects of early seizures on later behavior and epileptogenicity. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev, 2004, 10(1): 101-105.
42.	Deshpande LS, Lou JK, Mian A, et al. In vitro status epilepticus but not spontaneous recurrent seizures cause cell death in cultured hippocampal neurons. Epilepsy Res, 2007, 75(2): 171-179.
43.	Legriel S, Lemiale V, Schenck M, et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in convulsive status epilepticus. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(12): 2457-2467.
44.	Mad?ar D, Geyer A, Knappe RU, et al. Association of seizure duration and outcome in refractory status epilepticus. J Neurol, 2016, 263(3): 485-491.
45.	Wagenman KL, Blake TP, Sanchez SM, et al. Electrographic status epilepticus and long‐term outcome in critically ill children. Neurology, 2014, 82(2): 396-404.
46.	Krumholz A, Sung GY, Fisher RS, et al. Complex partial status epilepticus accompanied by serious morbidity and mortality. Neurology, 1995, 63(12): 1499-1504.
47.	Berg AT, Shinnar S, Testa FM, et al. Status epilepticus after the initial diagnosis of epilepsy in children. Neurology, 2004, 72(10): 1027-1034.
48.	Chin RFM, Neville BGR, Peckham C, et al. Incidence, cause, and short‐term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population‐based study. Lancet, 2006, 368(1): 222-229.
49.	Singh RK, Stephens S, Berl MM, et al. Prospective study of new‐onset seizures presenting as status epilepticus in childhood. Neurology, 2010, 74(4): 636-642.
50.	Vignatelli L, Tonon C, D'Alessandro R, et al. Incidence and short‐term prognosis of status epilepticus in adults in Bologna, Italy. Epilepsia, 2003, 44(5): 964-968.
51.	Loddenkemper T, Syed TU, Ramgopal S, et al. Risk factors associated with death in in‐hospital pediatric convulsive status epilepticus. PLoS One, 2012, 7: e47474.
52.	Lv RJ, Wang Q, Cui T, et al. Status epilepticus‐related etiology, incidence and mortality: a meta‐analysis. Epilepsy Res, 2017, 136(1): 12-17.
53.	Pujar S, Neville B, Scott R, et al. Death within 8 years after childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a population‐based study. Brain, 2011, 134(12): 2819-2827.
54.	Lai A, Outin HD, Jabot J, et al. Functional outcome of prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Crit Care, 2015, 19(2): 199.
55.	Logroscino G, Hesdorffer DC, Cascino GD, et al. Long‐term mortality after a first episode of status epilepticus. Neurology, 2002, 58(3): 537-541.
56.	Strzelczyk A, Knake S, Oertel WH, et al. Inpatient treatment costs of status epilepticus in adults in Germany. Seizure, 2013, 22(6): 882-885.
57.	Aukland P, Lando M, Vilholm O, et al. Predictive value of the Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS) and its components for long‐term survival. BMC Neurol, 2016, 16(2): 213.
58.	Kantanen AM, Reinikainen M, Parviainen I, et al. Long‐term outcome of refractory status epilepticus in adults: a retrospective population‐based study. Epilepsy Res, 2017, 133(1): 13-21.
59.	Kantanen AM, K?lvi?inen R, Parviainen I, et al. Predictors of hospital and one‐year mortality in intensive care patients with refractory status epilepticus: a population‐based study. Crit Care, 2017, 21(1): 71.
60.	Penberthy LT, Towne A, Garnett LK, et al. Estimating the economic burden of status epilepticus to the health care system. Seizure, 2005, 14(1): 46-51.
61.	Kortland LM, Alfter A, B?hr O, et al. Costs and cost‐driving factors for acute treatment of adults with status epilepticus: a multicenter cohort study from Germany. Epilepsia, 2016, 57(Suppl 2): 2056-2066.
62.	Kortland LM, Knake S, Rosenow F, et al. Cost of status epilepticus: a systematic review. Seizure, 2015, 24(1): 17-20.
63.	Aicardi J, Chevrie JJ. Convulsive status epilepticus in infants and children. A study of 239 cases. Epilepsia, 1970, 11(2): 187-197.
64.	Logroscino G, Hesdorffer DC, Cascino G, et al. Short‐term mortality after a first episode of status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 1997, 38(9): 1344-1349.
65.	Shinnar S, Pellock JM, Moshé SL, et al. In whom does status epilepticus occur: age‐related differences in children. Epilepsia, 1997, 38(6): 907-914.
66.	Holmes GL, Khazipov R, Ben-Ari Y. Seizure‐induced damage in the developing human: relevance of experimental models. Prog Brain Res, 2002, 135(2): 321-334.
67.	Lothman EW, Bertram EH. Epileptogenic effects of status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 1993, 34(Suppl 1): 59-70.
68.	Shorvon S, Walker M. Status epilepticus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(Suppl 9): 73-79.
69.	Helmstaedter C. Cognitive outcome of status epilepticus in adults. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(Suppl 8): 85-90.
70.	Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Prevalence of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota: 1940‐1980. Epilepsia, 1991, 32(3): 429-445.
71.	Sahin M, Menache CC, Holmes GL, et al. Prolonged treatment for acute symptomatic refractory status epilepticus: outcome in children. Neurology, 2003, 61(2): 398-401.
72.	Shinnar S, Pellock JM, Berg AT, et al. Short‐term outcomes of children with febrile status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(1): 47-53.
73.	Howell KB, Katanyuwong K, Mackay MT, et al. Long‐term follow‐up of febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(1): 101-110.
74.	Sahin M, Menache CC, Holmes GL, et al. Outcome of severe refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(Suppl 1): 1461-1467.
75.	Marchi NA, Novy J, Faouzi M, et al. Status epilepticus: impact of therapeutic coma on outcome. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(9): 1003-1009.
76.	Kowalski RG, Ziai WC, Rees RN, et al. Third‐line antiepileptic therapy and outcome in status epilepticus: the impact of vasopressor use and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(11): 2677-2684.
77.	Bellante F, Legros B, Depondt C, et al. Midazolam and thiopental for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective comparison of efficacy and safety. J Neurol, 2016, 263(4): 799-806.
78.	Sutter R, Kaplan PW. Can anesthetic treatment worsen outcome in status epilepticus? Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 49: 294-297.
79.	Sutter R, De Marchis GM, Semmlack S, et al. Anesthetics and outcome in status epilepticus: a matched two‐center cohort study. CNS Drugs, 2017, 31(1): 65-74.
80.	Ferlisi M, Shorvon S. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super‐refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain J Neurol, 2012, 135(10): 2314-2328.
81.	Vooturi S, Jayalakshmi S, Sahu S, et al. Prognosis and predictors of outcome of refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus in adults treated in neurointensive care unit. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2014, 126(1): 7-10.
82.	Gaínza-Lein M, Sánchez Fernández I, Jackson M, et al. Association of time to treatment with short‐term outcomes for pediatric patients with refractory convulsive status epilepticus. JAMA Neurol, 2018, 75(2): 410-418.
83.	Wilkes R, Tasker RC. Pediatric intensive care treatment of uncontrolled status epilepticus. Crit Care Clin, 2013, 29(2): 239-257.
84.	Pellock JM, Marmarou A, DeLorenzo R. Time to treatment in prolonged seizure episodes. Epilepsy Behav, 2004, 5: 192-196.
85.	Sánchez Fernández I, Abend NS, Agadi S, et al. Time from convulsive status epilepticus onset to anticonvulsant administration in children. Neurology, 2015, 84(10): 2304-2311.
86.	Alldredge BK, Wall DB, Ferriero DM. Effect of prehospital treatment on the outcome of status epilepticus in children. Pediatr Neurol, 1995, 12(2): 213-216.
87.	Gainza-Lein M, Benjamin R, Stredny C, et al. Rescue medications in epilepsy patients: a family perspective. Seizure, 2017, 52(2): 188-194.
88.	Sutter R, Kaplan PW, Rüegg S. Outcome predictors for status epilepticus-what really counts. Nat Rev Neurol, 2013, 9(3): 525-534.
89.	Rutten A, van Albada M, Silveira DC, et al. Memory impairment following status epilepticus in immature rats: time‐course and environmental effects. Eur J Neurosci, 2002, 16(3): 501-513.
90.	Wang CA, Lai MC, Lui CC, et al. An enriched environment improves cognitive performance after early‐life status epilepticus accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. Epilepsy Behav, 2007, 11: 303-309.

1. Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 17(1): 3-23.
2. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence‐based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr, 2016, 16(1): 48-61.
3. Abend NS, Loddenkemper T. Pediatric status epilepticus management. Curr Opin Pediatr, 2014, 26(3): 668-674.
4. Raspall-Chaure M, Chin RFM, Neville BG, et al. Outcome of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(Suppl): 769-779.
5. Ferro MA, Chin RFM, Camfield CS, et al. Convulsive status epilepticus and health‐related quality of life in children with epilepsy. Neurology, 2014, 83(4): 752-757.
6. Mets?ranta P, Koivikko M, Peltola J, et al. Outcome after prolonged convulsive seizures in 186 children: low morbidity, no mortality. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2004, 46(1): 4-8.
7. Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, et al. Incidence of status epilepticus in rochester, minnesota, 1965‐1984. Neurology, 1998, 50(4): 735-741.
8. DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, et al. A prospective, population‐based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in richmond. Virginia Neurology, 1996, 46(8): 1029-1035.
9. Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino GD, et al. Recurrence of afebrile status epilepticus in a population‐based study in rochester, minnesota. Neurology, 2007, 69(1): 73-78.
10. Adachi N, Kanemoto K, Muramatsu R, et al. Intellectual prognosis of status epilepticus in adult epilepsy patients: analysis with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐revised. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(Suppl 2): 1502-1509.
11. Logroscino G, Hesdorffer DC, Cascino G, et al. Status epilepticus without an underlying cause and risk of death: a population‐based study. Arch Neurol, 2008, 65(2): 221-224.
12. Risti? AJ, Soki? DV, Trajkovi? G, et al. Long‐term survival in patients with status epilepticus: a tertiary referral center study. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(1): 57-61.
13. DeLorenzo RJ, Towne AR, Pellock JM, et al. Status epilepticus in children, adults, and the elderly. Epilepsia, 1992, 33(Suppl 4): 15-25.
14. Holtkamp M, Othman J, Buchheim K, et al. Predictors and prognosis of refractory status epilepticus treated in a neurological intensive care unit. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2005, 76(4): 534-539.
15. Cooper AD, Britton JW, Rabinstein AA. Functional and cognitive outcome in prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Arch Neurol, 2009, 66(Suppl): 1505-1509.
16. Jayalakshmi S, Ruikar D, Vooturi S, et al. Determinants and predictors of outcome in super refractory status epilepticus-a developing country perspective. Epilepsy Res, 2014, 108(12): 1609-1617.
17. Maegaki Y, Kurozawa Y, Hanaki K, et al. Risk factors for fatality and neurological sequelae after status epilepticus in children. Neuropediatrics, 2005, 36(2): 186-192.
18. Kortland LM, Knake S, von Podewils F, et al. Socioeconomic outcome and quality of life in adults after status epilepticus: a multicenter, longitudinal, matched case‐control analysis from germany. Front Neurol, 2017, 8(4): 507.
19. Atmaca MM, Bebek N, Baykan B, et al. Predictors of outcomes and refractoriness in status epilepticus: a prospective study. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 75: 158-164.
20. Legriel S, Azoulay E, Resche-Rigon M, et al. Functional outcome after convulsive status epilepticus. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(5): 2295-2303.
21. Kilbride RD, Reynolds AS, Szaflarski JP, et al. Clinical outcomes following prolonged refractory status epilepticus (PRSE). Neurocrit Care, 2013, 18(3): 374-385.
22. Erklauer JO, Wilfong A, Jeanine G. Outcome in refractory and super‐refractory status epilepticus in children. Neurocrit Care, 2016, 25(Suppl 1): 1-310.
23. Li Y, Tian L, Zeng T, et al. Clinical features and outcome of super‐refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective analysis in west China. Seizure, 2014, 23(6): 722-727.
24. Kim SJ, Lee DY, Kim JS. Neurologic outcomes of pediatric epileptic patients with pentobarbital coma. Pediatr Neurol, 2001, 25(2): 217-220.
25. Loddenkemper T, Goodkin HP. Treatment of pediatric status epilepticus. Curr Treat Options Neurol, 2011, 13(4): 560-573.
26. Maytal J, Shinnar S, Moshé SL, et al. Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children. Pediatrics, 1989, 83(3): 323-331.
27. Eriksson KJ, Koivikko MJ. Status epilepticus in children: aetiology, treatment, and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol, 1997, 39(5): 652-658.
28. Barnard C, Wirrell E. Does status epilepticus in children cause developmental deterioration and exacerbation of epilepsy? J Child Neurol, 1999, 14(5): 787-794.
29. Hussain N, Appleton R, Thorburn K. Aetiology, course and outcome of children admitted to paediatric intensive care with convulsive status epilepticus: a retrospective 5‐year review. Seizure, 2007, 16(2): 305-312.
30. Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, et al. Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure: effect of status epilepticus. Ann Neurol, 1998, 44(7): 908-912.
31. Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL, et al. The risk of seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked afebrile seizure in childhood: an extended follow‐up. Pediatrics, 1996, 98(2): 216-225.
32. Berg AT. Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(Suppl 1): 13-18.
33. Camfield P, Camfield C. Unprovoked status epilepticus: the prognosis for otherwise normal children with focal epilepsy. Pediatrics, 2012, 130(4): 501-506.
34. Sillanp?? M, Shinnar S. Status epilepticus in a population‐based cohort with childhood‐onset epilepsy in Finland. Ann Neurol, 2002, 52(3): 303-310.
35. Shinnar S, Maytal J, Krasnoff L, et al. Recurrent status epilepticus in children. Ann Neurol, 1992, 31(5): 598-604.
36. Tabarki B, Yacoub M, Selmi H, et al. Infantile status epilepticus in Tunisia. Clinical, etiological and prognostic aspects. Seizure, 2001, 10(2): 365-369.
37. Martinos MM, Yoong M, Patil S, et al. Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: a longitudinal study. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(Suppl 1): 1012-1019.
38. Chevrie JJ, Aicardi J. Convulsive disorders in the first year of life: neurological and mental outcome and mortality. Epilepsia, 1978, 19(1): 67-74.
39. Hermann BP, Seidenberg M, Dow C, et al. Cognitive prognosis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol, 2006, 60(1): 80-87.
40. De Marchis GM, Pugin D, Meyers E, et al. Seizure burden in subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with functional and cognitive outcome. Neurology, 2016, 86(2): 253-260.
41. Holmes GL. Effects of early seizures on later behavior and epileptogenicity. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev, 2004, 10(1): 101-105.
42. Deshpande LS, Lou JK, Mian A, et al. In vitro status epilepticus but not spontaneous recurrent seizures cause cell death in cultured hippocampal neurons. Epilepsy Res, 2007, 75(2): 171-179.
43. Legriel S, Lemiale V, Schenck M, et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in convulsive status epilepticus. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(12): 2457-2467.
44. Mad?ar D, Geyer A, Knappe RU, et al. Association of seizure duration and outcome in refractory status epilepticus. J Neurol, 2016, 263(3): 485-491.
45. Wagenman KL, Blake TP, Sanchez SM, et al. Electrographic status epilepticus and long‐term outcome in critically ill children. Neurology, 2014, 82(2): 396-404.
46. Krumholz A, Sung GY, Fisher RS, et al. Complex partial status epilepticus accompanied by serious morbidity and mortality. Neurology, 1995, 63(12): 1499-1504.
47. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Testa FM, et al. Status epilepticus after the initial diagnosis of epilepsy in children. Neurology, 2004, 72(10): 1027-1034.
48. Chin RFM, Neville BGR, Peckham C, et al. Incidence, cause, and short‐term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population‐based study. Lancet, 2006, 368(1): 222-229.
49. Singh RK, Stephens S, Berl MM, et al. Prospective study of new‐onset seizures presenting as status epilepticus in childhood. Neurology, 2010, 74(4): 636-642.
50. Vignatelli L, Tonon C, D'Alessandro R, et al. Incidence and short‐term prognosis of status epilepticus in adults in Bologna, Italy. Epilepsia, 2003, 44(5): 964-968.
51. Loddenkemper T, Syed TU, Ramgopal S, et al. Risk factors associated with death in in‐hospital pediatric convulsive status epilepticus. PLoS One, 2012, 7: e47474.
52. Lv RJ, Wang Q, Cui T, et al. Status epilepticus‐related etiology, incidence and mortality: a meta‐analysis. Epilepsy Res, 2017, 136(1): 12-17.
53. Pujar S, Neville B, Scott R, et al. Death within 8 years after childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a population‐based study. Brain, 2011, 134(12): 2819-2827.
54. Lai A, Outin HD, Jabot J, et al. Functional outcome of prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Crit Care, 2015, 19(2): 199.
55. Logroscino G, Hesdorffer DC, Cascino GD, et al. Long‐term mortality after a first episode of status epilepticus. Neurology, 2002, 58(3): 537-541.
56. Strzelczyk A, Knake S, Oertel WH, et al. Inpatient treatment costs of status epilepticus in adults in Germany. Seizure, 2013, 22(6): 882-885.
57. Aukland P, Lando M, Vilholm O, et al. Predictive value of the Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS) and its components for long‐term survival. BMC Neurol, 2016, 16(2): 213.
58. Kantanen AM, Reinikainen M, Parviainen I, et al. Long‐term outcome of refractory status epilepticus in adults: a retrospective population‐based study. Epilepsy Res, 2017, 133(1): 13-21.
59. Kantanen AM, K?lvi?inen R, Parviainen I, et al. Predictors of hospital and one‐year mortality in intensive care patients with refractory status epilepticus: a population‐based study. Crit Care, 2017, 21(1): 71.
60. Penberthy LT, Towne A, Garnett LK, et al. Estimating the economic burden of status epilepticus to the health care system. Seizure, 2005, 14(1): 46-51.
61. Kortland LM, Alfter A, B?hr O, et al. Costs and cost‐driving factors for acute treatment of adults with status epilepticus: a multicenter cohort study from Germany. Epilepsia, 2016, 57(Suppl 2): 2056-2066.
62. Kortland LM, Knake S, Rosenow F, et al. Cost of status epilepticus: a systematic review. Seizure, 2015, 24(1): 17-20.
63. Aicardi J, Chevrie JJ. Convulsive status epilepticus in infants and children. A study of 239 cases. Epilepsia, 1970, 11(2): 187-197.
64. Logroscino G, Hesdorffer DC, Cascino G, et al. Short‐term mortality after a first episode of status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 1997, 38(9): 1344-1349.
65. Shinnar S, Pellock JM, Moshé SL, et al. In whom does status epilepticus occur: age‐related differences in children. Epilepsia, 1997, 38(6): 907-914.
66. Holmes GL, Khazipov R, Ben-Ari Y. Seizure‐induced damage in the developing human: relevance of experimental models. Prog Brain Res, 2002, 135(2): 321-334.
67. Lothman EW, Bertram EH. Epileptogenic effects of status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 1993, 34(Suppl 1): 59-70.
68. Shorvon S, Walker M. Status epilepticus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(Suppl 9): 73-79.
69. Helmstaedter C. Cognitive outcome of status epilepticus in adults. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(Suppl 8): 85-90.
70. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Prevalence of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota: 1940‐1980. Epilepsia, 1991, 32(3): 429-445.
71. Sahin M, Menache CC, Holmes GL, et al. Prolonged treatment for acute symptomatic refractory status epilepticus: outcome in children. Neurology, 2003, 61(2): 398-401.
72. Shinnar S, Pellock JM, Berg AT, et al. Short‐term outcomes of children with febrile status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(1): 47-53.
73. Howell KB, Katanyuwong K, Mackay MT, et al. Long‐term follow‐up of febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(1): 101-110.
74. Sahin M, Menache CC, Holmes GL, et al. Outcome of severe refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(Suppl 1): 1461-1467.
75. Marchi NA, Novy J, Faouzi M, et al. Status epilepticus: impact of therapeutic coma on outcome. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(9): 1003-1009.
76. Kowalski RG, Ziai WC, Rees RN, et al. Third‐line antiepileptic therapy and outcome in status epilepticus: the impact of vasopressor use and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(11): 2677-2684.
77. Bellante F, Legros B, Depondt C, et al. Midazolam and thiopental for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective comparison of efficacy and safety. J Neurol, 2016, 263(4): 799-806.
78. Sutter R, Kaplan PW. Can anesthetic treatment worsen outcome in status epilepticus? Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 49: 294-297.
79. Sutter R, De Marchis GM, Semmlack S, et al. Anesthetics and outcome in status epilepticus: a matched two‐center cohort study. CNS Drugs, 2017, 31(1): 65-74.
80. Ferlisi M, Shorvon S. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super‐refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain J Neurol, 2012, 135(10): 2314-2328.
81. Vooturi S, Jayalakshmi S, Sahu S, et al. Prognosis and predictors of outcome of refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus in adults treated in neurointensive care unit. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2014, 126(1): 7-10.
82. Gaínza-Lein M, Sánchez Fernández I, Jackson M, et al. Association of time to treatment with short‐term outcomes for pediatric patients with refractory convulsive status epilepticus. JAMA Neurol, 2018, 75(2): 410-418.
83. Wilkes R, Tasker RC. Pediatric intensive care treatment of uncontrolled status epilepticus. Crit Care Clin, 2013, 29(2): 239-257.
84. Pellock JM, Marmarou A, DeLorenzo R. Time to treatment in prolonged seizure episodes. Epilepsy Behav, 2004, 5: 192-196.
85. Sánchez Fernández I, Abend NS, Agadi S, et al. Time from convulsive status epilepticus onset to anticonvulsant administration in children. Neurology, 2015, 84(10): 2304-2311.
86. Alldredge BK, Wall DB, Ferriero DM. Effect of prehospital treatment on the outcome of status epilepticus in children. Pediatr Neurol, 1995, 12(2): 213-216.
87. Gainza-Lein M, Benjamin R, Stredny C, et al. Rescue medications in epilepsy patients: a family perspective. Seizure, 2017, 52(2): 188-194.
88. Sutter R, Kaplan PW, Rüegg S. Outcome predictors for status epilepticus-what really counts. Nat Rev Neurol, 2013, 9(3): 525-534.
89. Rutten A, van Albada M, Silveira DC, et al. Memory impairment following status epilepticus in immature rats: time‐course and environmental effects. Eur J Neurosci, 2002, 16(3): 501-513.
90. Wang CA, Lai MC, Lui CC, et al. An enriched environment improves cognitive performance after early‐life status epilepticus accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. Epilepsy Behav, 2007, 11: 303-309.

Journal of Epilepsy

癲癇持續狀態長期結局：一項關鍵評價

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content