引用本文: 楊宗霞, 沈建通, 李幼平, 趙琨, 師成虎, 肖月, 喻佳潔, 郭武棟, 李萃萃, 王應強, 李向蓮, 代表中國循證醫學中心快速衛生技術評估課題組. 螺旋斷層放療系統治療腫瘤的快速衛生技術評估Δ. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2014, 14(9): 1052-1069. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20140174 復制
據世界衛生組織(WHO)數據,2005年全球有760萬人死于惡性腫瘤,至2015年將有8?400萬人死于惡性腫瘤[1]。而我國首位死因也是惡性腫瘤,2008年我國惡性腫瘤發病率為299.12/10萬,死亡率為184.67/10萬,與2007年相比分別增加了7.6%和4.1% [2]。
放射治療是治療惡性腫瘤重要、有效的手段之一。目前約70%以上腫瘤患者需行放射治療[3]。1998年WHO報告稱,45%的惡性腫瘤可治愈,其中外科治療占22%,放射治療占18%,化學治療占5% [4]。
傳統放射治療在殺死癌細胞的同時難免損傷正常的組織細胞。螺旋斷層放射治療系統(helical tomotherapy,HT)即CT引導的螺旋斷層調強放射治療,整合了直線加速器和螺旋CT,集調強適形放療(IMRT)、影像引導調強適形放療(IGRT)和劑量引導調強適形放療(DGRT)于一體,代表了以最大程度殺滅腫瘤細胞同時最大程度保護正常組織為目標的精確放療的發展方向[5]。2003年7月Thompson腫瘤治療中心開始用其治療第1例患者,其于2004年獲美國FDA審批,2005年在美國上市。截至2012年6月,全球共27個國家安裝了445臺HT,其中美國215臺,日本26臺,我國臺灣地區18臺、香港地區5臺、大陸地區10臺。目前全球已有數萬例患者接受HT治療。2008年,我國國家藥監局批準其上市,至今其已在上海中山醫院、昆明醫學院第一附屬醫院、301醫院、空軍總醫院、北京軍區總院、南京八一醫院、廣州軍區總醫院和沈陽軍區總醫院等醫院裝機并用于4 000多例患者的腫瘤治療,主要用于頭頸部腫瘤(尤其鼻咽癌)、胸部腫瘤(肺癌為主)、全身多發性腫瘤、腹部腫瘤、宮頸癌和前列腺癌。
HT是造價高昂的新型放療技術,為了解其臨床療效和成本效果,為衛生部門制定采購、配置和管理政策提供研究證據,衛生部衛生發展研究中心與中國循證醫學中心合作快速評估該設備的有效性、安全性和適用性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標準
1.1.1 研究類型
①衛生技術評估(HTA)、系統評價(SR)/Meta分析;②隨機對照試驗(RCT)、臨床對照試驗(CCT)、觀察性研究;③經濟與管理研究。
1.1.2 研究對象
確診為腫瘤疾病的患者。
1.1.3 研究分組
試驗組:HT;對照組:常規調強放化療(如IMRT和IGRT)等同類放化療措施。
1.1.4 引言
①有效性:生存率(關鍵)、生存質量(關鍵)、中位生存時間(重要)、復發率(重要)、控制率(重要)、轉移率(重要);②安全性:毒性反應發生率(關鍵);③經濟性:成本效果(關鍵)。
1.1.5 排除標準
放射劑量研究、混有同類技術的研究、會議摘要;無統計所需基本數據的文獻;重復發表的文獻。
1.2 檢索策略
計算機檢索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、CNKI、WanFang Data、VIP和CBM(檢索時限均為建庫至2012年10月),同時檢索相關專業網站(國際HTA、加拿大HTA、英國NICE、美國AHRQ、瑞典HTA、澳大利亞HTA等專業網站、DARE、HTA、NHSEED、Clinicaltrials),查找相關研究。
英文檢索詞包括tomotherapy、hi-art、highly integrated adaptive radiotherapy、tomohelical、tomodirect和tomo;中文檢索詞包括螺旋斷層、放射治療、螺旋斷層放射治療。
以EMbase為例,其具體檢索策略見框?1。
框1 ?EMbase檢索策略
exp tomotherapy/ tomotherapy.tw. (hi art OR hi-art OR “highly integrated adaptive radiotherapy” OR tomohelical OR Tomodirect OR ctrue).tw. (therapy AND tomo).tw. #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4
1.3 文獻篩選與資料提取
由2位評價者根據納入與排除標準獨立篩選文獻,然后根據預先設計的資料提取表提取資料。提取內容包括研究設計類型、樣本量、隨訪時間、分組信息、安全性結局指標、有效性指標和結論。如遇分歧則交由第三方裁定。
1.4 質量評價標準與方法
采用GRADE 2011評價證據質量。
1.5 統計分析
根據納入研究的數據特點,行描述性分析并報告結果。
2 結果
2.1 文獻檢索結果
初檢查重后獲得3 070篇文獻,經逐層篩選后,最終納入149個研究,包括4個HTA、18個CCT和127個觀察性研究。文獻篩選流程及結果見圖 1。
2.2 基于臨床研究的文獻計量分析結果
90%的納入研究是在已有HTA后發表(圖 2),因此有必要對已有HTA進行更新和重新評估。
2.3 綜合分析結果
2.3.1 HTA
共納入5個HTA [6-10],僅4個獲取全文,1個未獲取。納入的4個HTA發表于2006~2009年,其證據數量較少,質量較低。初步評估HT療效較好,但成本增加(表 1)。英國NICE、美國AHRQ、國際HTA和瑞典SUB尚未評估HT。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 研究地點 | 主要疾病 | 臨床證據 | 經濟學證據 | 結果 |
AETSA 2008[6] | 西班牙 | 鼻竇癌、頭頸癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌 | 納入7個病例系列報告,41個劑量研究 | - | HT總體療效較好,優于傳統治療技術 |
NIHR 2006[7] | 英國 | - | 納入4個放射劑量研究,無RCT | 估計成本2百萬英磅,每年需8%維護費 | HT療效增加,優于傳統放射治療,成本增加 |
CADTH 2009[8] | 加拿大 | - | 無臨床研究納入 | 無經濟學研究 | - |
AHTA 2009[9] | 澳大利亞 | 15類腫瘤,150例 | 納入13個研究(1個3級,12個4級) | 無經濟學研究 | HT優于傳統治療,缺乏高質量證據、遠期效果證據和經濟學證據 |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2 原始研究
共納入145個原始研究[11-154](主要為CCT和觀察性研究)(n=6?992)(表 2)。以下按腫瘤病種納入的研究數多少評估排名前14位的腫瘤(82%)。

下載CSV
排序 | 腫瘤類型 | 研究數(個) | n(例) |
1 | 前列腺癌 | 31 | 2?592 |
2 | 頭頸癌 | 15 | 1?042 |
3 | 鼻咽癌 | 13 | 547 |
4 | 肺癌 | 13 | 442 |
5 | 腦部腫瘤 | 12 | 290 |
6 | 直結腸癌 | 12 | 259 |
7 | 宮頸癌 | 10 | 637 |
8 | 肝癌 | 8 | 403 |
9 | 乳腺癌 | 8 | 291 |
10 | 胸膜間皮瘤 | 7 | 97 |
11 | 口腔腫瘤 | 5 | 145 |
12 | 脊柱腫瘤 | 4 | 104 |
13 | 膠質細胞瘤 | 4 | 102 |
14 | 骨髓瘤 | 3 | 41 |
15 | 其他 | 31 | – |
2.3.2.1 前列腺癌
共納入24個觀察性研究[11-34](n=1?170)。其中3個研究納入病例為前列腺癌復發患者。結果顯示,HT治療前列腺癌毒性反應總體較低,3級毒性反應發生率2.4%,遠期占30%,急性占70%,泌尿生殖道毒性(GU)高于消化道毒性(GI)(29% vs. 17%);輕度毒性反應(2級)發生率18.4%,遠期占18%,急性占82%,GU高于GI(15.5% vs. 13.7%)(表 3)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 放射總劑量 (Gy) |
放射單劑量 (Gy/F) |
消化道毒性 | ? | 泌尿生殖道毒性 | ||||||||
急性 | ? | 遠期 | 急性 | ? | 遠期 | |||||||||
G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | |||||||
Teh 2005[11] | 116 | 76 | 2.17 | 8(6.9) | 2(1.7) | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Cozzarini 2007[12] | 35 | 74.2~72 | 2.18~2.65 | 1(2.9) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 2(5.7) | - | ? | - | 1(2.9) |
Cheng 2008[13] | 146 | 68.8~78.9 | 1.8~2.0 | 48(32.8) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Engels 2009[14] | 28 | 54 /SIB 70.5 | 1.8~2.33 | 2(7.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 4(14.0) | 1(4.0) | ? | - | - |
DiMuzio 2009[15] | 60 | 65.5 | 2.34 | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | 12(20.0) | 2(3.0) | ? | - | - |
尹雷明2009[16] | 12 | 76 | 2.17 | 1(8.0) | - | ? | 1(8.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | 1(8.0) |
Alongi 2010[17] | 153 | 前列腺65.5~74.2/盆腔淋巴結51.8 | 1.85(2.34~2.65) | 13(8.5) | 0 | ? | - | - | ? | 25(16.0) | 2(1.0) | ? | - | - |
Schwarz 2010[18] | 82 | 72~80 | 1.8~2.0 | - | - | ? | 13(15.9) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 8(9.8) | - |
Di Muzio 2010[19] | 98 | 71.4~74.2 | 2.55~2.97 | 9(9.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 14(15.0) | - | ? | - | - |
Pervez 2010[20] | 60 | 68 | 2.72 | 21(35.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 30(33.3) | 4(6.7) | ? | - | - |
Drodge 2010[21] | 60 | 68 | 2.72 | - | 8(13.6) | ? | 3(5.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Cendales 2010[22] | 65 | 68~78 | 2~2.55 | 1(1.7) | 1(1.7) | ? | - | - | ? | 2(8.3) | - | ? | - | - |
Alongi 2010[23] | 55 | 51.8~74.2 | 1.85~2.65 | 7(12.7) | - | ? | 3(5.4) | - | ? | 5(9.0) | - | ? | 2(4.0) | - |
Ayakawa 2011[24] | 230 | 72.6~74.8 | 2.2 | 6(2.6) | - | ? | 12(4.8) | - | ? | 34(15.0) | - | ? | 7(3.0) | - |
Cammarota 2011[25] | 31 | 66~71.9 | 2~2.18 | 3(10.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 7(23.3) | - | ? | 3(9.7) | - |
Longobardi 2011[26] | 178 | 前列腺65.5~74.2/盆腔淋巴結51.8 | 1.85(2.34~2.65) | 15(8.4) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Le 2011[27] | 60 | 45~68 | 1.8~2.72 | 21(35.0) | 4(6.7) | ? | 5(8.0) | - | ? | 20(33.3) | - | ? | - | 4(7.0) |
Rumeo 2011[28] | 5 | 25 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 |
Geier 2012[29] | 40 | 70(SIB 76) | 2(2.17) | 10(25.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 23(58.0) | 8(20.0) | ? | - | - |
Lopez 2012[30] | 48 | 68.04~70.2 | 2.5~2.6 | 9(19.0) | 0 | ? | 2(4.0) | ? | ? | 9(19.0) | 3(6.0) | ? | 1(2.0) | - |
Tomita 2012[31] | 241 | 74~78 | - | 27(11.2) | - | ? | 16(6.6) | 2(0.8) | ? | 59(24.5) | - | ? | 20(8.3) | 3(1.2) |
Borrelli 2011[32]* | 28 | 62~66 | 1.6~2 | - | - | ? | 2(7.1) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 2(7.1) | - |
Berardi 2010[33]* | 40 | 42~74.2 | 2.65~7 | 2(5.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 3(7.5) | - | ? | - | - |
Garibaldi 2011[34] | 19 | 51.54~75.2 | 1.7~2.35 | 1(5.3) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | 1(5.3) | - |
合計 | 1?890 | 45~80 | 1.8~5 | 205(10.8) | 15(0.8) | ? | 54(2.9) | 2 | ? | 249(13.2) | 20(1.1) | ? | 44(2.3) | 9(0.5) |
*:復發;-:未報道;SIB:simultaneous integrated boost,同時補量照射技術 |
毒性發生率(HT vs.其他同類技術):共納入6個CCT [35-40](n=642)。結果顯示:HT急性GI(≥G2)發生率在0~25%之間,低于3D-CRT、LINAC、傳統IMRT和C-IGRT。HT急性GU發生率(0~51%)高于GI,低于3D-CRT和C-IGRT,高于LINAC和傳統IMRT。HT遠期GI毒性(≥G2,0~6.9%)低于急性毒性;2個研究報告HT遠期GI低于3D-CRT和傳統IMRT,HT遠期GU毒性(≥G2,0~12.5%)低于急性毒性發生率。2個研究報告HT遠期GU毒性發生率低于3D-CRT(表 4)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | n | 急性GI≥G2(T/C) | 急性GU≥G2(T/C) | 遠期GI≥G2(T/C) | 遠期GU≥G2(T/C) |
Cozzarini 2008[35] | HT/3D-CRT | 58 Gy/20 F | 50/153 | ↓12.0%/15.6% | - | 0/8.5% | 12%/14% |
Russo 2011[36] | HT/3D-CRT | 78.5 Gy/35 F vs. 76 Gy/38 F | 16/13 | ↓0/7.7% | ↓38.0%/63.4% | - | 12.5%/53.8% |
Keiler 2007[37] | HT/LINAC | 66~81 Gy(1.8 Gy/F) | 55/43 | ↓25.0%/40.0% | ↑51.0%/28.0% | - | - |
Alongi 2009[38] | HT/LINAC/3D-CRT | 盆腔淋巴結50.6 Gy(1.83 Gy/F)vs. 50.6 Gy(1.8 Gy/F)vs. 50.1Gy(1.8 Gy/F);前列腺70 Gy(2.35 Gy/F)vs. 72.5 Gy(1.8 Gy/F)vs.72.1 Gy(1.8 Gy/F) | 54/37/81 | 上消化道↓ 1.8%/13.5%/22.2% 下消化道↓ 0/8.1%/8.6% |
7.4% vs. 5.4% vs. 12.3% | - | - |
Marques 2011[39] | HT/傳統IMRT | 65.8 Gy vs. 72~77.4 Gy | 43/37 | ↓23.3%/30.0% | ↑40.0%/38.0% | 6.9%/13.5% | - |
Hicks 2011[40] | HT/C-IGRT/calypso | 7 920 cGy | 10/43/7 | ↓0/9.3%/0 | ↓0/5%/0 | - | - |
-:未報道;↑:表示毒性發生率上升;↓:表示毒性發生率下降 |
治療結局:共納入7個觀察性研究[19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 31, 41](n=780)。結果顯示:1年生存率100%、2年生存率96.5%、3年生存率94.7%~98%、3年無病生存率95.8%~100%、4年生存率94.7%、5年生存率94.7%和復發率0.8%~6.4%。1個研究報告患者治療后生命質量有所下降但影響不大,且在6個月后開始恢復(表 5)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 1年生存率 | 2年生存率 | 3年生存率 | 4年生存率 | 5年生存率 | 復發率 |
Le 2011[27] | 60 | 100.0% | 96.5% | 94.7% | 94.7% | 94.7% | - |
Drodge 2010[21] | 60 | 100.0% | 96.5% | 94.7% | 94.7% | - | - |
Tomita 2012[31] | 241 | - | - | 95.8%~100%(無病生存率) | 0.8% | ||
Ayakawa 2011[24] | 230 | - | - | 98.0% | - | - | - |
Cammarota 2011[25] | 31 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.4% |
Di Muzio 2010[19] | 98 | - | - | - | - | - | 3.0% |
Pervez 2012[41] | 60 | 患者生命質量得分6個月最低,18~24個月恢復到基線; 1~6個月腸功能有關生存質量指標受到顯著影響,但6個月后逐漸提高; 1~6個月期間性功能相關生存質量指標得分受影響,但對大多數患者不造成問題 |
|||||
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.2 頭頸癌
納入14個觀察性研究[42-55],1個CCT [56](n=1?042)。結果顯示:HT治療頭頸癌的毒性反應主要為急性皮膚毒性(≥G3,12%~22%)、急性黏膜毒性(≥G3,17%)、輕度口腔干燥(長期和急性期)。其14個月生存率為90%、2年生存率66%~82%、3年生存率69%和2~3年局部控制率59%~77%。2個研究報告治療后頭頸癌患者生命質量下降,但后期恢復。1個研究報告HT治療后患者的嚴重毒性反應發生率略高于SMLC-IMRT,但總體生命質量無差異;隨著劑量增高,口腔干燥等毒性反應發生率增加(表 6)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Chen 2009[42] | 77 | HT | 66 Gy(60~72 Gy) | - | 2年生存率82%,無病生存率71%,局部區域控制率77% |
Farrag 2009[43] | 76 | HT | - | - | 3年生存率69%,無病生存率47%,局部區域控制率59% |
Yoo 2010[44] | 8 | HT | 40~52.2 Gy/10~33 F | 毒性低于G2 | 5例治療失敗 |
Farrag 2010[45] | 63 | HT | - | - | 2年生存率66%,無病生存率54%,局部區域控制率77% |
Ricchetti 2010[46] | 9 | HT | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 8例脫發,1例區域性脫發,3個月后恢復 | - |
Bolle 2011[47] | 54 | HT | 70 Gy/33 F | G3急性黏膜18%,皮膚22%,晚期G3~4 4例 | 2年腫瘤控制率66%,2年生存率69% |
Chizzali 2011[48] | 25 | HT | 64.2 Gy | - | 治療期間生存質量下降,3年后疼痛、說話等各功能得到恢復,健康恢復到基線66% |
Dell' Oca 2011[49] | 66 | HT | 54~69 Gy | G3急性黏膜31.8%,G3皮膚18.2% | 13例局部復發,9例遠處轉移 |
Garibaldi 2011[50] | 13 | HT | 54~70.5 Gy/30 F | G3急性皮膚7.7%,G3黏液毒性7.7% | - |
Goy 2011[51] | 150 | HT | 50 Gy/25 F | G3口腔干燥1.3%,遠期口腔干燥1.3% | - |
Schiappacasse 2011[52] | 151 | HT | 50.4~70 Gy(1.6~2.25 Gy/F) | G3急性皮膚、黏液、食管毒性12%、 17%和11% | 14個月生存率90% |
You 2012[53] | 31 | HT | 69.96 Gy | G2口腔干燥10例 | ? |
Voordeckers 2012[54] | 76 | HT | 54 Gy(1.8 Gy/F);70.5 Gy(2.35 Gy/F) | - | 生命質量初始惡化,到治療后18個月恢復到基線 |
Goy 2011[55] | 94 | HT | <26 Gy L+R/<26 Gy L/R/≥26 Gy L+R | 高劑量組口腔干燥發生率高 | - |
Chen 2011[56] | 149 | HT/SMLC-IMRT | 23.5/27.9 Gy,30.1/43.9 Gy | G3毒性10% vs. 8% | 總體生命質量無差異 |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.3 鼻咽癌
納入11個觀察性研究[57-67],2個CCT [68-69](n=467)。結果顯示:7個研究報告HT治療鼻咽癌1年生存率88%~100%、2年生存率85.5%~92.6%和3年生存率83.5%~86.8%、嚴重皮膚毒性(G3)0~40%、黏膜毒性0~55%和口干0~3.6%;1個研究報告出現遠期毒性(G3,7.7%);3個研究報告出現嚴重白細胞減少6.8%~45%;1個研究報告出現嚴重貧血、血小板減少、嘔吐和咽-食管毒性(表 7);1個研究報告HT治療后患者的1年生存率高于non-IMRT,兩組皮膚毒性相似;1個研究報告HT治療后患者的2年生存率與SMLC-IMRT無差異,但HT治療后患者的口干等毒性反應發生率低于SMLC-IMRT。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 干預措施(T/C) | n | 放射劑量 | 有效性(%) | ? | 安全性(%) | |||||
1年 生存率 |
2年 生存率 |
3年 生存率 |
≥G3 皮膚 |
≥G3 黏膜 |
≥G3 口干 |
其他 | |||||
杜鐳2009[57] | HT | 45 | 49.5~76 Gy/32~33 F | - | - | - | ? | 2.2 | 2.2 | - | - |
路娜2010[58] | HT | 43 | 56~70 Gy/33 F | 95.3 | - | - | ? | 4.7 | 7 | - | 咽-食管毒性(G3)2.3% |
Goto 2010[59] | HT | 13 | 44 Gy | 88.0 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | G3遠期毒性7.7% |
Kodaira 2010[60] | HT | 48 | 70 Gy/35 F | - | 85.5 | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Ma 2010[61] | HT | 73 | 52~74 Gy/33 F | 94.8 | - | - | ? | 6.8 | 5.5 | 0 | 白細胞減少(G3)6.9% |
Marrone 2010[62] | HT | 30 | 53~71 Gy | - | - | - | ? | 0 | 13.3 | 0 | - |
Bacigalupo 2011[63] | HT | 12 | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 100.0 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Kodaira 2009[64] | HT伴或不伴化療 | 20 | 70 Gy /35 F | 95.0 | - | - | ? | 40.0 | 55.0 | 0 | 白細胞減少(G3)45%,貧血15%,血小板減少5%,嘔吐65% |
Feng 2011[65] | HT+化療 | 34 | 56~70 Gy/33 F | 94.1 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Shueng 2011[66] | HT+化療 | 28 | 70 Gy | - | - | 83.5 | ? | 10.7 | - | 3.6 | - |
杜鐳2012[67] | HT伴或不伴化療 | 121 | 52~74 Gy/33 F | 96.5 | 92.6 | 86.8 | ? | 4.9 | 4.1 | 0 | - |
Goto 2010[68] | HT/non-IMRT | 13/37 | 38 Gy/44 Gy | 88.0/ 78.0 | - | - | ? | 7/7 | - | - | - |
Chen 2012[69] | HT/SMLC-IMRT | 14/16 | 70 Gy | - | 81/81 | - | ? | - | - | 7/13 | - |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.4 肺癌
納入12個觀察性研究[70-81],1個CCT [82](n=442)。結果顯示:HT治療肺癌1年生存率60.5%、2年生存率55%~56%、3年生存率62.5%、1年無病生存率66%和2年無惡化生存率50%。急性食管毒性和肺毒性是其主要毒性反應;毒性程度以輕度為主(G2),3級以上較少,遠期毒性較少,程度較輕。1個研究報告HT的毒性發生率低于3D-CRT(表 8)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 (T/C) |
放射劑量 | 安全性(%) | 有效性 | ||
≥G3食管毒性 | ≥G3肺毒性 | 其他 | |||||
Bral 2009[70] | 34 | HT | 2~2.48 Gy | 24.0 | 3.0 | 遠期肺毒性21.0 | - |
Cannon 2010[71] | 71 | HT | 57~87.5 Gy/25 F | - | - | 遠期G2食管毒性2例 | - |
Bral 2010[72] | 40 | HT | 70.5 Gy/30 F | - | 10.0 | 遠期G3肺毒性16% | 急性毒性死亡2例; 1年無惡化生存率66%; 2年無惡化生存率50% |
Caruso 2011[73] | 30 | HT | 64.5~68.4 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | - |
Dell' Oca 2011[74] | 15 | HT | 52 Gy(4 Gy/d) | - | - | - | 25%惡化 |
Gayar 2011[75] | 40 | HT | 3×20 Gy、4×12 Gy、5×10 Gy | ? | 5.0 | G3皮膚毒性1例 | 1例復發,局部控制90% |
Monaco 2011[76] | 20 | HT | 67.5 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | 1例惡化 |
Kim 2009[77]▲ | 31 | HT | 40~50 Gy/10 F | - | - | - | 1年生存率60.5% |
Parisi 2011[78] | 16 | HT+化療 | 40 Gy/5 F/d | - | - | - | 22月生存率55.0% |
Song 2010[79] | 37 | HT+化療 | 50~70.4 Gy(1.8~2.4 Gy/F) | 13.5(G3) | 18.9 | - | 4例死亡,2年生存率56% |
Cardinale 2011[80] | 65 | HT+化療 | >60 Gy(1.8~2.0 Gy/F) | - | - | - | 9例死亡 |
Chang 2011[81]* | 25 | HT+化療 | 40~50 Gy/16~20 F | - | - | - | 3年生存率62.5% |
Vogelius 2010[82] | 18 | HT/3D-CRT | 60 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | - |
-:未報道;*:肺癌;▲:肺轉移,其余為非小細胞肺癌 |
2.3.2.5 腦部腫瘤
納入12個觀察性研究[83-94](n=290)。結果顯示:HT治療腦膜瘤、顱內腫瘤和腦轉移的毒性發生率低,無嚴重毒性反應。3個研究報告1年生存率>80%。1個研究報告1年生存率45%,但中位生存時間超過1年。2個研究報告(伴化療)因化療易出現嚴重血液毒性,HT治療后患者生命質量開始下降,6個月后開始恢復(表 9)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Schiappacasse 2011[83] | 腦膜瘤 | 28 | HT | 5 000~5 400 cGy | 毒性為G1 | - |
Combs 2011[84] | 腦膜瘤 | 12 | HT | - | 無嚴重不良反應 | 無死亡 |
Gupta 2012[85] | 顱內腫瘤 | 27 | HT | 54 Gy/30 F | - | 2年無惡化生存率和生存率為93.3%和100% |
Toledo 2011[86] | 顱內腫瘤 | 54 | HT | 20 / 64 Gy | - | 生存率84% |
Rodrigues 2011[87] | 腦轉移 | 48 | HT | 60 Gy/10 F | - | 6例穩定,8例惡化 |
Sanghera 2010[88] | 腦轉移 | 5 | HT | 27~30 Gy | 無神經系統惡化癥狀 | 1年生存率80% |
Sterzing 2009[89] | 腦轉移 | 2 | HT | 15 Gy+30 Gy | 治療后輕微頭痛2 d | - |
Tomita 2008[90] | 腦轉移 | 23 | HT | 50 Gy+30 Gy/10 F,35~37.5 Gy/5 F | - | 1年生存率95.6% |
Galeandro 2011[91] | 腦轉移 | 21 | HT | 24 Gy/3 F | 1例慢性毒性 | 中位生存時間14.4個月,1年生存率45% |
Brunet 2010[92] | 腦腫瘤 | 49 | HT | - | - | 生命質量2個月后下降,6個月后恢復;呼吸困難前6個月嚴重,1年后恢復;運動障礙前2個月嚴重,6個月后恢復 |
Sugie 2010[93] | 腦腫瘤 | 12 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 30.6 Gy/18 F | ≥G3白血球減少92%,厭食50%,貧血42%,血小板減少42% | - |
Fumagalli 2010[94] | 腦腫瘤 | 9 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 5~30 Gy | G4血液毒性44%,G3血小板減少11% | 總生存率100% |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.6 直結腸癌
納入12個觀察性研究[95-106](n=259)。結果顯示:HT的毒性反應主要是胃腸道毒性,嚴重胃腸道毒性發生率低于10%;伴化療易出現血液毒性反應;直腸癌2年生存率93%(無惡化生存率79%),直結腸癌1年生存率86%(無惡化生存率25%)和結腸癌1年生存率78%(無惡化生存率14%)(表 10)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
De Ridder 2008[95] | 24 | HT | 46 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G3腸炎4.2% | - |
Ugurluer 2009[96] | 6 | HT | 36 Gy(1.8 Gy/fr)+23.4 Gy | - | 1例復發 |
Slim 2011[97] | 6 | HT | 41.4 Gy/18 F | 毒性 < G3 | - |
Passoni 2010[98] | 3 | HT | 41.4 Gy/18 F | 毒性 < G3 | - |
Engels 2011[99]* | 23 | HT | 40 Gy(4 Gy/F) | G3嘔吐4.3% | 1年無惡化生存率和生存率分別為25%和86% |
Engels 2012[100] | 108 | HT | 46 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G3以上胃腸毒性和尿毒分別為6%和4% | 2年無惡化生存率和存活率分別為79%和93% |
Nguyen 2011[101] | 5 | HT+化療 | - | G3-4級腸炎80% | - |
Kay 2010[102] | 7 | HT+化療 | 45~60 Gy(1.8~2.5 Gy/F) | 皮膚毒性均 < G2 | 1例復發 |
Chen 2012[103] | 12 | HT+化療 | 55 Gy | 除血液毒性外未發現其他有利毒性 | - |
Loewen 2011[104] | 26 | HT+化療 | 45 Gy~54 Gy /30 F | G3胃腸道毒性6.7%,G3及G3以上血液學毒性39% | - |
Siker 2011[105] | 15 | HT+化療 | 45~50.5 Gy | G3胃腸與皮膚毒性33.3%,G3血液學毒性60% | - |
Engels 2012[106]▲ | 24 | HT+化療 | 50 Gy(5 Gy/F) | G3吞咽困難4.2% | 1年的無惡化生存率和存活率分別為14%和78% |
-:未報道;*:直結腸癌;▲:結腸癌 |
2.3.2.7 宮頸癌
納入7個觀察性研究[107-113](n=176)。結果顯示:宮頸癌HT聯合化療不良反應主要表現為胃腸道毒性和血液毒性;嚴重胃腸道毒性(≥G3)發生率2.5%~50%,嚴重血液毒性(≥G3)發生率20%~95%;1個研究報告聯合化療的血液毒性高于無化療;其遠期毒性和泌尿生殖道毒性反應發生率低,且程度輕;HT伴或不伴化療治療宮頸癌2年生存率67%、3年生存率65%~100%、2年無病生存率77%和3年無惡化生存率63%~89%(表 11)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | ? | 有效性 | ||||
G3胃腸道毒性 | 泌尿生殖道毒性(例) | 血液毒性(G3) | 遠期毒性(例) | 生存率 | 無惡化生存率 | |||||
Kim 2012[107] | 26 | HT | 62.6 Gy | 8例急性毒性 | - | - | 1 | ? | 3年65% | 3年63% |
Kim 2011[108] | 41 | HT | 62.6 Gy | 無G3 | - | 無G3 | - | ? | 中位生存時間46個月,復發者中位生存時間12個月 | - |
Marnitz 2010[109] | 20 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 50.4~59.36 Gy(1.8~2.12 Gy/F) | 5.0% | 無G3 | 50% G2-3 | - | ? | - | - |
Schwarz 2011[110] | 24 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | 50.0% | 1 G4 | 95%>G3化療,43%無化療 | 2 | ? | 3年100% | 3年89% |
Chang 2012[111] | 15 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | 6.7% | - | - | - | ? | 3年93% | 3年80% |
Marnitz 2012[112] | 40 | HT+化療 | 1.8~50.4 Gy SIB 2.12~59.36 Gy | 2.5% | 0 G3 | 20% G3 | - | ? | - | - |
Hsieh 2009[113] | 10 | HT+化療 | ? | 10.0% | - | 33% G3 | - | ? | 2年67% | 2年無病生存率77% |
周桂霞2011[114] | 68/58 | HT/IMRT | 46 Gy/23 F、50 Gy/25 F | 無G3 | - | 4.41% vs. 6.9% | - | ? | - | - |
趙瀟2012[115] | 153/75 | HT/IMRT | 46~66 Gy/23~28 F | 無G3 | 無G3 | - | - | ? | 1年:94.22%/93.86%,2年:89.13%/81.84%,3年:85.21%/ 71.11% | - |
趙瀟2012[116] | 44 vs. 37/26 | HT/IMRT/3D-CRT | 50~60 Gy/25 F vs. 66 Gy/25 F vs. 50~60 Gy/25 F | 無G3 | 無G3 | - | - | ? | - | - |
-:未報道 |
納入3個CCT [114-116](n=461)。結果顯示:HT與其他同類技術均無嚴重毒性反應出現,但HT輕度毒性反應發生率低于IMRT和3D-CRT,1年、2年和3年生存率均高于IMRT。
2.3.2.8 肝癌
納入8個觀察性研究[117-124](n=403)。結果顯示:HT與對照效果差異不大;HT治療肝癌1年生存率50.1%~87.5%、2年生存率14.9%、中位生存時間12.3~22.5個月,嚴重毒性反應發生率低(表 12)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
McIntosh 2009[117] | 20 | HT | 50 Gy/20 F | 無>G2毒性反應 | 中位生存時間22.5±5.1個月(A級),8±3.3個月(B級) |
Jang 2009[118] | 42 | HT+化療 | 51.03 Gy/10 F | 無G4-5毒性反應 | 1年和2年生存率50.1%和14.9%,中位生存時間12.3個月 |
Baisden 2008[119] | 10 | HT+化療 | 50 Gy/20 F | - | 中位生存時間13個月 |
Chi 2010[120] | 23 | HT+化療 | 52.5 Gy/15 F | 10例≥G2級肝酶升高,15例≥G2級血小板減少 | 1年生存率70%,中位生存時間16個月 |
Jang 2011[121] | 32 | HT | 50 Gy/ 10、20 F | 2例(6.3%)十二指腸潰瘍穿孔 | 1年生存率87.5%,1年無病總生存率21.9% |
Kay 2010[122] | 21 | HT | 38.01~44.01 Gy / 10 F | 無4級以上毒性 | 1年生存率59.86%,中位生存時間14.0±1.9個月 |
Ernst 2011[123] | 15 | HT | 3 ×12.5 Gy /5 × 7.0 Gy | 無G2以上毒性 | - |
Jung 2012[124] | 240 | HT | - | - | 中位生存時間14.6個月 |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.9 乳腺癌
納入6個觀察性研究[125-130](n=171)。結果顯示:HT治療乳腺癌的主要不良反應是皮膚毒性,但以輕度(G2)為主,3級及以上毒性反應發生率低;出現輕度吞咽困難和呼吸困難毒性,但發生率低、程度輕。
2個CCT [131-132](n=120)報告HT皮膚毒性和淋巴水腫等不良反應發生率均低于傳統放射治療(表 13)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 皮膚毒性 | 其他 |
Caudrelier 2010[125] | 30 | HT | 50 Gy /25 F | 13.3% | 3例G2吞咽困難、5例呼吸困難 |
Cendales 2011[126] | 10 | HT | ? | 58.3%(G2) | - |
Franco 2011[127] | 30 | HT | 50 Gy/25 F +10 Gy/5 F | 10.0%(G2) | - |
Franzetti 2011[128] | 10 | HT | 50 GY/25 F | 無≥G2 | - |
Uhl 2011[129] | 85 | HT | 50.4 Gy/28 F | 37.6%(G2) | - |
Chira 2011[130] | 6 | HT+化療 | 50.4~63.8 Gy/29 F | 16.7%(G3) | 1例≤G2吞咽困難 |
Garcia 2011[131] | 28 vs. 21 | HT/Topo | 200 cGy | 9.0%(G2) | - |
Van Parijs 2011[132] | 32 vs. 38 | HT/傳統放療 | 42 Gy/15 F vs. 50 Gy/25 F | 26%/53%(G1-2) | 上肢淋巴水腫10.5% vs. 16.7%,G1 FEV1下降18%,G1 DLCO下降32% |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.10 胸膜間皮瘤
納入5個觀察性研究[133-137],1個CCT [138](n=73)。結果顯示:HT治療胸膜間皮瘤毒性反應發生率低,主要毒性反應為肺炎(≥G3,13.7%),而皮炎、食管毒性、嘔吐等毒性反應發生率低,程度輕;5個研究報告7例死亡、中位生存時間18.4個月、2年無病生存率51.8%、復發率29%~42%。1個研究(HT vs. HT+SIB)(simultaneous Integrated Boost,SIB,同時補量照射技術)報告HT+SIB治療后患者的1年生存率、中位生存時間、復發和復發時間均優于SIB。但采用HT治療胸膜間皮瘤的研究樣本量過少,其研究結果存在較大偏倚(表 14)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性(例) | 有效性 | |
死亡率(生存率)/ 中位生存時間(年) |
復發率%/ 中位復發時間(月) |
|||||
Giraud 2011[133] | 24 | HT | 46~54 Gy(1.7~2.16 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2、G3肺炎2、G3食管毒性1、嘔吐1、皮炎2 | 死亡率8.3% | 29 |
Sylvestre 2011[134] | 24 | HT | 50 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2、G3肺炎2G3食管毒性1、嘔吐1、皮炎2 | 死亡率8.3%,2年無病生存率51.8% | 30 |
Abbiero 2011[135] | 8 | HT | 48 Gy(12 F/d) | 無毒性反應 | 0 | - |
Ebara 2012[136] | 3 | HT | 45 Gy/25 F | G2食管毒性1 | ? | 30 |
Giraud 2011[137] | 14 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 50~57 Gy(2~2.16 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2 | 死亡率21.4%,生存時間18.4 | 43 |
Fodor 2010[138] | 12/12 | HT+no-SIB/HT+SIB | 56 Gy/25 F、BTV 62.5 Gy | ≥G3毒性0 vs. 3 | 1年生存率43% vs. 72% | 局部無復發率15% vs. 75%,復發時間6 vs. 16 |
-:未報道;SIB:simultaneous integrated boost,同時補量照射技術 |
2.3.2.11 口腔腫瘤
納入4個觀察性研究[139, 141-143],1個CCT [140](n=145)。結果顯示:HT伴化療易出現嚴重黏膜毒性和血液毒性,單用HT毒性反應低;HT治療口腔癌2年生存率、局部控制率和無轉移率均>90%,口咽癌則相對較低;HT與sw-IMRT治療口咽癌毒性均低,但HT優于sw-IMRT(表 15)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 (T/C) |
放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Shueng 2010[139] | 口咽癌 | 10 | HT+化療 | 56~70 Gy | G3黏膜炎10% | 18個月生存率、局部控制率、無轉移率分別為67%、80%、100% |
Fortin 2011[140] | 口咽癌 | 89 | HT/sw-IMRT | 25 Gy/32 Gy 20 Gy/25 Gy | 6月G2口腔干燥16%/76%;1年G2口腔干燥0%/54% | - |
Cianciulli 2011[141] | 口腔癌 | 20 | HT | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 低于G3 | - |
Hsieh 2011[142] | 口腔癌 | 19 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | G3黏膜炎、皮膚炎,白細胞減少率為42%、5%和5% | 2年生存率率、局部控制率、無轉移率分別為94%、92%、94% |
Cosinschi 2011[143] | 鱗狀細胞喉癌 | 7 | HT | 70 Gy /35 F | 低于G3 | - |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.12 脊柱腫瘤/轉移
納入4個觀察性研究[144-147](n=104)。結果顯示:HT治療脊柱腫瘤/轉移無嚴重毒性反應;治療后患者1年生存率67%~73%、中位生存時間5.1個月、中位局部無復發存活期3個月和疼痛緩解率93.8%(表 16)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Kim 2008[144] | 脊柱腫瘤 | 8 | HT | 2 500 cGy /500 cGy | 無G2以上毒性反應 | 中位生存時間5.1個月 |
Sheehan 2009[145] | 脊柱轉移 | 40 | HT | 17.3 Gy | 殘疾得分比基線降低18 | 1年生存率73% |
Sterzing 2010[146] | 脊柱轉移 | 36 | HT | 34.8~36.3Gy | G2毒性反應1例 | 1年生存率67%,2年生存率58% |
Choi 2011[147] | 脊柱轉移 | 20 | HT | 40 Gy /8 F | - | 6月局部控制率90.3%,中位局部無復發存活期3月,疼痛緩解率93.8% |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.13 膠質細胞瘤
納入4個觀察性研究[148-151](n=102)。結果顯示:其嚴重毒性發生率較低;治療后患者中位生存時間7.6~18.5個月、1年生存率50%~74%、2年生存率24%和復發中位時間7個月(表 17)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Kim 2011[148] | 8 | HT | 2 500 cGy | 無嚴重毒性反應 | 1年生存率50%,中位生存時間7.6個月 |
Jastaniyah 2010[149] | 25 | HT+化療 | 54.4 Gy / 20 F,60 Gy /22F | G3-4血液學毒性8% G4肺炎4% | 中位生存時間15.67個月 |
Miwa 2010[150] | 39 | HT+化療 | 40~56 Gy | 晚期毒性23% | 中位生存時間18.5個月,1年總生存率74%,2年總生存率24% |
AlHussain 2011[151] | 30 | HT+化療 | 40.5~60 Gy/15 F | 無嚴重毒性反應 | 復發中位時間7月,無復發中位生存時間7.4個月,中位生存時間13.6個月 |
2.3.2.14 骨髓瘤
納入2個觀察性研究[152-153],1個CCT [154](n=41)。結果顯示:其嚴重毒性發生率較低,主要毒性反應為高血壓、下肢靜脈血栓、肺炎和遠期腸炎;治療后患者3年生存率82%、3年無惡化生存率49%;HT與3D-CRT毒性程度無差異(表 18)。

下載CSV
綜上所述,HT治療腫瘤總體毒性較低,治療后生存率較高。雖然納入的研究質量均低,但前列腺癌、頭頸癌、鼻咽癌、宮頸癌、肺癌、肝癌研究證據較多,累計樣本較大,各研究間結果相對穩定,其療效和安全性結果可靠(表 19)。

下載CSV
適應癥 | 研究類型 | 研究數 | n | 毒性 | 生存率 | 證據質量 | 推薦 |
前列腺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 31 | 2?592 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
頭頸癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 15 | 1?042 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
鼻咽癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 13 | 547 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
肺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 13 | 442 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
腦部腫瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 12 | 290 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
直結腸癌 | 觀察性研究 | 12 | 259 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
宮頸癌 | 觀察性研究 | 10 | 637 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
肝癌 | 觀察性研究 | 8 | 403 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
乳腺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 8 | 291 | 較低 | – | 低 | √ |
胸膜間皮瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 7 | 97 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
口腔腫瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 5 | 145 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
脊柱腫瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 4 | 104 | 低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
膠質細胞瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 4 | 102 | 低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
骨髓瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 3 | 41 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
–:未報道 |
2.3.3 在研臨床試驗
在Clinicaltrials.gov注冊了56個HT相關臨床試驗,包括北美39個(加拿大19個、美國20個)、歐洲11個、南亞3個和其他地區(不祥)3個。其中9個研究已完成,但尚未公布研究結果。其研究疾病譜見圖 3。

A:宮頸癌;B:白血病;C:頭頸癌;D:前列腺癌;E:乳腺癌;F:神經膠質腫瘤;G:非小細胞肺癌;H:肺癌;I:腦部轉移;J:骨轉移;K:腹部轉移;L:胰腺癌;M:直腸癌;N:中樞神經系統癌;O:腎癌;P:食道癌;Q:間皮瘤;R:鱗狀細胞癌;S:卵巢癌;T:腦癌;U:大腸癌;V:膽囊與胰腺癌;W:動脈瘤;X:輻射誘導肉瘤;Y:肝癌;Z:膀胱癌;A':骨癌;B':軟組織瘤;C':子宮內膜癌;D':癌癥
2.3.4 開展條件
在HT業務繁忙的醫療單位,其HT平均整體治療時間為21.3~27.4分鐘。出現超時的主要原因是設備故障[155]。1個加拿大的研究[9]報告HT整體治療時間為27分鐘,78%的患者對治療過程滿意。HT可被快速引入日常臨床工作,甚至也可適用于肥胖、幽閉恐懼癥、疼痛、神經或骨科損傷等原因而致不能固定的患者。
HT技術人員需理解CT成像和重構技術、放射劑量伴隨危險、圖像操作與處理技術和人體解剖知識,且具備臨床決策能力。1個HT單元可配備2~4名放射技師,但3人效率更高,2人負責治療,1人輔助。如長時間工作,則需增加放射技師,且放射技師需具備基本知識和技術(包括臨床知識、IMRT和IGRT的經驗、螺旋CT治療的經驗、放射劑量學知識和經驗、專職、能遵守部門規定以及對未來工作充滿興趣)[156]。
國內對HT機房屏蔽防護厚度見表 20。HT驗收項目與傳統加速器不同[157],主要包括靜態射野劑量學、系統動態特性、系統同步性和系統機械配準。此外,威斯康星大學[158]對HT制定了全方位的質量保證規范,提供了質量保證日檢、月檢、季檢和年檢的臨床應用方案。臨床單位需建立質量保證規范,熟悉后可由季檢改為年檢。

下載CSV
計算方法 | 東墻 | 南墻 | 西墻 | 北墻 | 頂棚 | 地板 |
無自屏蔽 | 1?101 | 1?907 | 1?027 | 2?389 | 2?073 | 1?799 |
有自屏蔽 | 1?023 | 975 | 917 | 1?460 | 1?147 | 1?189 |
3 討論
3.1 證據基礎
目前HT研究證據主要為劑量和安全性研究,臨床療效研究尤其是長期隨訪研究證據較少,同類技術比較研究更少。本研究納入的研究類型以觀察性研究和CCT為主,其證據質量不如RCT,其仍為安全性研究的主要證據,但缺乏長期隨訪,故長期毒性和臨床效果有待高質量長期隨訪進一步證實。
3.2 適應癥
HT腫瘤治療病譜較廣,適用于頭部、頸部、胸部、腹部、盆腔、皮膚、造血、骨腫瘤和全身多發性轉移瘤。國內死亡率前10位的惡性腫瘤分別為肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌、結直腸癌、白血病、腦瘤、女性乳腺癌、胰腺癌和骨癌[158],其中4類腫瘤因納入研究證據較少,本研究無法對其進行評估。
3.3 加強管理,提高效益
HT設備和維護費用較高,對技術、人員和資源有一定要求。其治療費用高,普通患者難以負擔。國內現已在中國醫學科學院附屬腫瘤醫院、北京協和醫院、301醫院等多家著名三甲醫院開展HT。因未獲得國內各配置醫院HT的使用率和患者治療數的統計數據,本研究尚無法評估其國內使用效率。為降低成本和患者的經濟負擔,需加強管理,合理提高HT的使用率和開機率,但更需加強監管避免醫院誘導需求,過度使用,增加不必要的衛生費用。
3.4 合理配置
國內HT設備主要分布在北京、上海和其他東部沿海城市。中國腫瘤負擔呈中高、東西部低分布[159]。因此需綜合考慮我國的腫瘤流行病學特征、衛生資源配置、疾病負擔和醫療衛生服務水平等因素循證配置。
3.5 本研究的局限性
現有證據質量均不高,同類比較研究數量少,缺乏高質量的對照研究和長期隨訪的研究,且無系統評價、RCT和經濟學評估證據,此外還有56個在研臨床試驗結果尚未公布,今后有進一步更新HTA的必要。
3.6 結論
(1)HT優于傳統治療、安全性和療效較好,但成本增加。各HTA納入臨床證據和經濟學證據較少,證據質量低。
(2)本研究納入HT治療前列腺癌、頭頸癌、鼻咽癌、肺癌、腦部腫瘤、直結腸癌、宮頸癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、胸膜間皮瘤、口腔腫瘤、脊柱腫瘤、膠質細胞瘤、骨髓瘤等共14類腫瘤的相關研究,其結果顯示:HT治療毒性反應種類主要為胃腸毒性、泌尿生殖道毒性、血液毒性、肺炎、皮膚黏膜毒性和口腔干燥,嚴重毒性反應(≥3級以上)發生率較低;以急性為主,遠期毒性發生率低、程度輕;HT治療腫瘤生存率較高、復發率較低,治療后生命質量雖短期內降低但6個月后開始恢復。
(3)前列腺癌治療HT優于3D-CRT、LINAC和C-IGRT,胃腸毒性低于傳統IMRT;泌尿生殖道毒性高于傳統IMRT;鼻咽癌治療HT優于non-IMRT和SMLC-IMRT;宮頸癌治療HT優于IMRT和3D-CRT;乳腺癌治理HT優于傳統放療;肺癌治療HT優于3D-CRT;骨髓瘤治療HT與3D-CRT無差異;口咽癌治療HT優于sw-IMRT。HT可在業務繁忙的醫療單位開展,但需配備3名具有專業知識的放射技師。對機房屏蔽防護有一定要求,配備的單位需同時建立相應的質量保證規范。
據世界衛生組織(WHO)數據,2005年全球有760萬人死于惡性腫瘤,至2015年將有8?400萬人死于惡性腫瘤[1]。而我國首位死因也是惡性腫瘤,2008年我國惡性腫瘤發病率為299.12/10萬,死亡率為184.67/10萬,與2007年相比分別增加了7.6%和4.1% [2]。
放射治療是治療惡性腫瘤重要、有效的手段之一。目前約70%以上腫瘤患者需行放射治療[3]。1998年WHO報告稱,45%的惡性腫瘤可治愈,其中外科治療占22%,放射治療占18%,化學治療占5% [4]。
傳統放射治療在殺死癌細胞的同時難免損傷正常的組織細胞。螺旋斷層放射治療系統(helical tomotherapy,HT)即CT引導的螺旋斷層調強放射治療,整合了直線加速器和螺旋CT,集調強適形放療(IMRT)、影像引導調強適形放療(IGRT)和劑量引導調強適形放療(DGRT)于一體,代表了以最大程度殺滅腫瘤細胞同時最大程度保護正常組織為目標的精確放療的發展方向[5]。2003年7月Thompson腫瘤治療中心開始用其治療第1例患者,其于2004年獲美國FDA審批,2005年在美國上市。截至2012年6月,全球共27個國家安裝了445臺HT,其中美國215臺,日本26臺,我國臺灣地區18臺、香港地區5臺、大陸地區10臺。目前全球已有數萬例患者接受HT治療。2008年,我國國家藥監局批準其上市,至今其已在上海中山醫院、昆明醫學院第一附屬醫院、301醫院、空軍總醫院、北京軍區總院、南京八一醫院、廣州軍區總醫院和沈陽軍區總醫院等醫院裝機并用于4 000多例患者的腫瘤治療,主要用于頭頸部腫瘤(尤其鼻咽癌)、胸部腫瘤(肺癌為主)、全身多發性腫瘤、腹部腫瘤、宮頸癌和前列腺癌。
HT是造價高昂的新型放療技術,為了解其臨床療效和成本效果,為衛生部門制定采購、配置和管理政策提供研究證據,衛生部衛生發展研究中心與中國循證醫學中心合作快速評估該設備的有效性、安全性和適用性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標準
1.1.1 研究類型
①衛生技術評估(HTA)、系統評價(SR)/Meta分析;②隨機對照試驗(RCT)、臨床對照試驗(CCT)、觀察性研究;③經濟與管理研究。
1.1.2 研究對象
確診為腫瘤疾病的患者。
1.1.3 研究分組
試驗組:HT;對照組:常規調強放化療(如IMRT和IGRT)等同類放化療措施。
1.1.4 引言
①有效性:生存率(關鍵)、生存質量(關鍵)、中位生存時間(重要)、復發率(重要)、控制率(重要)、轉移率(重要);②安全性:毒性反應發生率(關鍵);③經濟性:成本效果(關鍵)。
1.1.5 排除標準
放射劑量研究、混有同類技術的研究、會議摘要;無統計所需基本數據的文獻;重復發表的文獻。
1.2 檢索策略
計算機檢索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、CNKI、WanFang Data、VIP和CBM(檢索時限均為建庫至2012年10月),同時檢索相關專業網站(國際HTA、加拿大HTA、英國NICE、美國AHRQ、瑞典HTA、澳大利亞HTA等專業網站、DARE、HTA、NHSEED、Clinicaltrials),查找相關研究。
英文檢索詞包括tomotherapy、hi-art、highly integrated adaptive radiotherapy、tomohelical、tomodirect和tomo;中文檢索詞包括螺旋斷層、放射治療、螺旋斷層放射治療。
以EMbase為例,其具體檢索策略見框?1。
框1 ?EMbase檢索策略
exp tomotherapy/ tomotherapy.tw. (hi art OR hi-art OR “highly integrated adaptive radiotherapy” OR tomohelical OR Tomodirect OR ctrue).tw. (therapy AND tomo).tw. #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4
1.3 文獻篩選與資料提取
由2位評價者根據納入與排除標準獨立篩選文獻,然后根據預先設計的資料提取表提取資料。提取內容包括研究設計類型、樣本量、隨訪時間、分組信息、安全性結局指標、有效性指標和結論。如遇分歧則交由第三方裁定。
1.4 質量評價標準與方法
采用GRADE 2011評價證據質量。
1.5 統計分析
根據納入研究的數據特點,行描述性分析并報告結果。
2 結果
2.1 文獻檢索結果
初檢查重后獲得3 070篇文獻,經逐層篩選后,最終納入149個研究,包括4個HTA、18個CCT和127個觀察性研究。文獻篩選流程及結果見圖 1。
2.2 基于臨床研究的文獻計量分析結果
90%的納入研究是在已有HTA后發表(圖 2),因此有必要對已有HTA進行更新和重新評估。
2.3 綜合分析結果
2.3.1 HTA
共納入5個HTA [6-10],僅4個獲取全文,1個未獲取。納入的4個HTA發表于2006~2009年,其證據數量較少,質量較低。初步評估HT療效較好,但成本增加(表 1)。英國NICE、美國AHRQ、國際HTA和瑞典SUB尚未評估HT。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 研究地點 | 主要疾病 | 臨床證據 | 經濟學證據 | 結果 |
AETSA 2008[6] | 西班牙 | 鼻竇癌、頭頸癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌 | 納入7個病例系列報告,41個劑量研究 | - | HT總體療效較好,優于傳統治療技術 |
NIHR 2006[7] | 英國 | - | 納入4個放射劑量研究,無RCT | 估計成本2百萬英磅,每年需8%維護費 | HT療效增加,優于傳統放射治療,成本增加 |
CADTH 2009[8] | 加拿大 | - | 無臨床研究納入 | 無經濟學研究 | - |
AHTA 2009[9] | 澳大利亞 | 15類腫瘤,150例 | 納入13個研究(1個3級,12個4級) | 無經濟學研究 | HT優于傳統治療,缺乏高質量證據、遠期效果證據和經濟學證據 |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2 原始研究
共納入145個原始研究[11-154](主要為CCT和觀察性研究)(n=6?992)(表 2)。以下按腫瘤病種納入的研究數多少評估排名前14位的腫瘤(82%)。

下載CSV
排序 | 腫瘤類型 | 研究數(個) | n(例) |
1 | 前列腺癌 | 31 | 2?592 |
2 | 頭頸癌 | 15 | 1?042 |
3 | 鼻咽癌 | 13 | 547 |
4 | 肺癌 | 13 | 442 |
5 | 腦部腫瘤 | 12 | 290 |
6 | 直結腸癌 | 12 | 259 |
7 | 宮頸癌 | 10 | 637 |
8 | 肝癌 | 8 | 403 |
9 | 乳腺癌 | 8 | 291 |
10 | 胸膜間皮瘤 | 7 | 97 |
11 | 口腔腫瘤 | 5 | 145 |
12 | 脊柱腫瘤 | 4 | 104 |
13 | 膠質細胞瘤 | 4 | 102 |
14 | 骨髓瘤 | 3 | 41 |
15 | 其他 | 31 | – |
2.3.2.1 前列腺癌
共納入24個觀察性研究[11-34](n=1?170)。其中3個研究納入病例為前列腺癌復發患者。結果顯示,HT治療前列腺癌毒性反應總體較低,3級毒性反應發生率2.4%,遠期占30%,急性占70%,泌尿生殖道毒性(GU)高于消化道毒性(GI)(29% vs. 17%);輕度毒性反應(2級)發生率18.4%,遠期占18%,急性占82%,GU高于GI(15.5% vs. 13.7%)(表 3)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 放射總劑量 (Gy) |
放射單劑量 (Gy/F) |
消化道毒性 | ? | 泌尿生殖道毒性 | ||||||||
急性 | ? | 遠期 | 急性 | ? | 遠期 | |||||||||
G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | |||||||
Teh 2005[11] | 116 | 76 | 2.17 | 8(6.9) | 2(1.7) | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Cozzarini 2007[12] | 35 | 74.2~72 | 2.18~2.65 | 1(2.9) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 2(5.7) | - | ? | - | 1(2.9) |
Cheng 2008[13] | 146 | 68.8~78.9 | 1.8~2.0 | 48(32.8) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Engels 2009[14] | 28 | 54 /SIB 70.5 | 1.8~2.33 | 2(7.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 4(14.0) | 1(4.0) | ? | - | - |
DiMuzio 2009[15] | 60 | 65.5 | 2.34 | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | 12(20.0) | 2(3.0) | ? | - | - |
尹雷明2009[16] | 12 | 76 | 2.17 | 1(8.0) | - | ? | 1(8.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | 1(8.0) |
Alongi 2010[17] | 153 | 前列腺65.5~74.2/盆腔淋巴結51.8 | 1.85(2.34~2.65) | 13(8.5) | 0 | ? | - | - | ? | 25(16.0) | 2(1.0) | ? | - | - |
Schwarz 2010[18] | 82 | 72~80 | 1.8~2.0 | - | - | ? | 13(15.9) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 8(9.8) | - |
Di Muzio 2010[19] | 98 | 71.4~74.2 | 2.55~2.97 | 9(9.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 14(15.0) | - | ? | - | - |
Pervez 2010[20] | 60 | 68 | 2.72 | 21(35.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 30(33.3) | 4(6.7) | ? | - | - |
Drodge 2010[21] | 60 | 68 | 2.72 | - | 8(13.6) | ? | 3(5.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Cendales 2010[22] | 65 | 68~78 | 2~2.55 | 1(1.7) | 1(1.7) | ? | - | - | ? | 2(8.3) | - | ? | - | - |
Alongi 2010[23] | 55 | 51.8~74.2 | 1.85~2.65 | 7(12.7) | - | ? | 3(5.4) | - | ? | 5(9.0) | - | ? | 2(4.0) | - |
Ayakawa 2011[24] | 230 | 72.6~74.8 | 2.2 | 6(2.6) | - | ? | 12(4.8) | - | ? | 34(15.0) | - | ? | 7(3.0) | - |
Cammarota 2011[25] | 31 | 66~71.9 | 2~2.18 | 3(10.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 7(23.3) | - | ? | 3(9.7) | - |
Longobardi 2011[26] | 178 | 前列腺65.5~74.2/盆腔淋巴結51.8 | 1.85(2.34~2.65) | 15(8.4) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Le 2011[27] | 60 | 45~68 | 1.8~2.72 | 21(35.0) | 4(6.7) | ? | 5(8.0) | - | ? | 20(33.3) | - | ? | - | 4(7.0) |
Rumeo 2011[28] | 5 | 25 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 |
Geier 2012[29] | 40 | 70(SIB 76) | 2(2.17) | 10(25.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 23(58.0) | 8(20.0) | ? | - | - |
Lopez 2012[30] | 48 | 68.04~70.2 | 2.5~2.6 | 9(19.0) | 0 | ? | 2(4.0) | ? | ? | 9(19.0) | 3(6.0) | ? | 1(2.0) | - |
Tomita 2012[31] | 241 | 74~78 | - | 27(11.2) | - | ? | 16(6.6) | 2(0.8) | ? | 59(24.5) | - | ? | 20(8.3) | 3(1.2) |
Borrelli 2011[32]* | 28 | 62~66 | 1.6~2 | - | - | ? | 2(7.1) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 2(7.1) | - |
Berardi 2010[33]* | 40 | 42~74.2 | 2.65~7 | 2(5.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 3(7.5) | - | ? | - | - |
Garibaldi 2011[34] | 19 | 51.54~75.2 | 1.7~2.35 | 1(5.3) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | 1(5.3) | - |
合計 | 1?890 | 45~80 | 1.8~5 | 205(10.8) | 15(0.8) | ? | 54(2.9) | 2 | ? | 249(13.2) | 20(1.1) | ? | 44(2.3) | 9(0.5) |
*:復發;-:未報道;SIB:simultaneous integrated boost,同時補量照射技術 |
毒性發生率(HT vs.其他同類技術):共納入6個CCT [35-40](n=642)。結果顯示:HT急性GI(≥G2)發生率在0~25%之間,低于3D-CRT、LINAC、傳統IMRT和C-IGRT。HT急性GU發生率(0~51%)高于GI,低于3D-CRT和C-IGRT,高于LINAC和傳統IMRT。HT遠期GI毒性(≥G2,0~6.9%)低于急性毒性;2個研究報告HT遠期GI低于3D-CRT和傳統IMRT,HT遠期GU毒性(≥G2,0~12.5%)低于急性毒性發生率。2個研究報告HT遠期GU毒性發生率低于3D-CRT(表 4)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | n | 急性GI≥G2(T/C) | 急性GU≥G2(T/C) | 遠期GI≥G2(T/C) | 遠期GU≥G2(T/C) |
Cozzarini 2008[35] | HT/3D-CRT | 58 Gy/20 F | 50/153 | ↓12.0%/15.6% | - | 0/8.5% | 12%/14% |
Russo 2011[36] | HT/3D-CRT | 78.5 Gy/35 F vs. 76 Gy/38 F | 16/13 | ↓0/7.7% | ↓38.0%/63.4% | - | 12.5%/53.8% |
Keiler 2007[37] | HT/LINAC | 66~81 Gy(1.8 Gy/F) | 55/43 | ↓25.0%/40.0% | ↑51.0%/28.0% | - | - |
Alongi 2009[38] | HT/LINAC/3D-CRT | 盆腔淋巴結50.6 Gy(1.83 Gy/F)vs. 50.6 Gy(1.8 Gy/F)vs. 50.1Gy(1.8 Gy/F);前列腺70 Gy(2.35 Gy/F)vs. 72.5 Gy(1.8 Gy/F)vs.72.1 Gy(1.8 Gy/F) | 54/37/81 | 上消化道↓ 1.8%/13.5%/22.2% 下消化道↓ 0/8.1%/8.6% |
7.4% vs. 5.4% vs. 12.3% | - | - |
Marques 2011[39] | HT/傳統IMRT | 65.8 Gy vs. 72~77.4 Gy | 43/37 | ↓23.3%/30.0% | ↑40.0%/38.0% | 6.9%/13.5% | - |
Hicks 2011[40] | HT/C-IGRT/calypso | 7 920 cGy | 10/43/7 | ↓0/9.3%/0 | ↓0/5%/0 | - | - |
-:未報道;↑:表示毒性發生率上升;↓:表示毒性發生率下降 |
治療結局:共納入7個觀察性研究[19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 31, 41](n=780)。結果顯示:1年生存率100%、2年生存率96.5%、3年生存率94.7%~98%、3年無病生存率95.8%~100%、4年生存率94.7%、5年生存率94.7%和復發率0.8%~6.4%。1個研究報告患者治療后生命質量有所下降但影響不大,且在6個月后開始恢復(表 5)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 1年生存率 | 2年生存率 | 3年生存率 | 4年生存率 | 5年生存率 | 復發率 |
Le 2011[27] | 60 | 100.0% | 96.5% | 94.7% | 94.7% | 94.7% | - |
Drodge 2010[21] | 60 | 100.0% | 96.5% | 94.7% | 94.7% | - | - |
Tomita 2012[31] | 241 | - | - | 95.8%~100%(無病生存率) | 0.8% | ||
Ayakawa 2011[24] | 230 | - | - | 98.0% | - | - | - |
Cammarota 2011[25] | 31 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.4% |
Di Muzio 2010[19] | 98 | - | - | - | - | - | 3.0% |
Pervez 2012[41] | 60 | 患者生命質量得分6個月最低,18~24個月恢復到基線; 1~6個月腸功能有關生存質量指標受到顯著影響,但6個月后逐漸提高; 1~6個月期間性功能相關生存質量指標得分受影響,但對大多數患者不造成問題 |
|||||
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.2 頭頸癌
納入14個觀察性研究[42-55],1個CCT [56](n=1?042)。結果顯示:HT治療頭頸癌的毒性反應主要為急性皮膚毒性(≥G3,12%~22%)、急性黏膜毒性(≥G3,17%)、輕度口腔干燥(長期和急性期)。其14個月生存率為90%、2年生存率66%~82%、3年生存率69%和2~3年局部控制率59%~77%。2個研究報告治療后頭頸癌患者生命質量下降,但后期恢復。1個研究報告HT治療后患者的嚴重毒性反應發生率略高于SMLC-IMRT,但總體生命質量無差異;隨著劑量增高,口腔干燥等毒性反應發生率增加(表 6)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Chen 2009[42] | 77 | HT | 66 Gy(60~72 Gy) | - | 2年生存率82%,無病生存率71%,局部區域控制率77% |
Farrag 2009[43] | 76 | HT | - | - | 3年生存率69%,無病生存率47%,局部區域控制率59% |
Yoo 2010[44] | 8 | HT | 40~52.2 Gy/10~33 F | 毒性低于G2 | 5例治療失敗 |
Farrag 2010[45] | 63 | HT | - | - | 2年生存率66%,無病生存率54%,局部區域控制率77% |
Ricchetti 2010[46] | 9 | HT | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 8例脫發,1例區域性脫發,3個月后恢復 | - |
Bolle 2011[47] | 54 | HT | 70 Gy/33 F | G3急性黏膜18%,皮膚22%,晚期G3~4 4例 | 2年腫瘤控制率66%,2年生存率69% |
Chizzali 2011[48] | 25 | HT | 64.2 Gy | - | 治療期間生存質量下降,3年后疼痛、說話等各功能得到恢復,健康恢復到基線66% |
Dell' Oca 2011[49] | 66 | HT | 54~69 Gy | G3急性黏膜31.8%,G3皮膚18.2% | 13例局部復發,9例遠處轉移 |
Garibaldi 2011[50] | 13 | HT | 54~70.5 Gy/30 F | G3急性皮膚7.7%,G3黏液毒性7.7% | - |
Goy 2011[51] | 150 | HT | 50 Gy/25 F | G3口腔干燥1.3%,遠期口腔干燥1.3% | - |
Schiappacasse 2011[52] | 151 | HT | 50.4~70 Gy(1.6~2.25 Gy/F) | G3急性皮膚、黏液、食管毒性12%、 17%和11% | 14個月生存率90% |
You 2012[53] | 31 | HT | 69.96 Gy | G2口腔干燥10例 | ? |
Voordeckers 2012[54] | 76 | HT | 54 Gy(1.8 Gy/F);70.5 Gy(2.35 Gy/F) | - | 生命質量初始惡化,到治療后18個月恢復到基線 |
Goy 2011[55] | 94 | HT | <26 Gy L+R/<26 Gy L/R/≥26 Gy L+R | 高劑量組口腔干燥發生率高 | - |
Chen 2011[56] | 149 | HT/SMLC-IMRT | 23.5/27.9 Gy,30.1/43.9 Gy | G3毒性10% vs. 8% | 總體生命質量無差異 |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.3 鼻咽癌
納入11個觀察性研究[57-67],2個CCT [68-69](n=467)。結果顯示:7個研究報告HT治療鼻咽癌1年生存率88%~100%、2年生存率85.5%~92.6%和3年生存率83.5%~86.8%、嚴重皮膚毒性(G3)0~40%、黏膜毒性0~55%和口干0~3.6%;1個研究報告出現遠期毒性(G3,7.7%);3個研究報告出現嚴重白細胞減少6.8%~45%;1個研究報告出現嚴重貧血、血小板減少、嘔吐和咽-食管毒性(表 7);1個研究報告HT治療后患者的1年生存率高于non-IMRT,兩組皮膚毒性相似;1個研究報告HT治療后患者的2年生存率與SMLC-IMRT無差異,但HT治療后患者的口干等毒性反應發生率低于SMLC-IMRT。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 干預措施(T/C) | n | 放射劑量 | 有效性(%) | ? | 安全性(%) | |||||
1年 生存率 |
2年 生存率 |
3年 生存率 |
≥G3 皮膚 |
≥G3 黏膜 |
≥G3 口干 |
其他 | |||||
杜鐳2009[57] | HT | 45 | 49.5~76 Gy/32~33 F | - | - | - | ? | 2.2 | 2.2 | - | - |
路娜2010[58] | HT | 43 | 56~70 Gy/33 F | 95.3 | - | - | ? | 4.7 | 7 | - | 咽-食管毒性(G3)2.3% |
Goto 2010[59] | HT | 13 | 44 Gy | 88.0 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | G3遠期毒性7.7% |
Kodaira 2010[60] | HT | 48 | 70 Gy/35 F | - | 85.5 | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Ma 2010[61] | HT | 73 | 52~74 Gy/33 F | 94.8 | - | - | ? | 6.8 | 5.5 | 0 | 白細胞減少(G3)6.9% |
Marrone 2010[62] | HT | 30 | 53~71 Gy | - | - | - | ? | 0 | 13.3 | 0 | - |
Bacigalupo 2011[63] | HT | 12 | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 100.0 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Kodaira 2009[64] | HT伴或不伴化療 | 20 | 70 Gy /35 F | 95.0 | - | - | ? | 40.0 | 55.0 | 0 | 白細胞減少(G3)45%,貧血15%,血小板減少5%,嘔吐65% |
Feng 2011[65] | HT+化療 | 34 | 56~70 Gy/33 F | 94.1 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Shueng 2011[66] | HT+化療 | 28 | 70 Gy | - | - | 83.5 | ? | 10.7 | - | 3.6 | - |
杜鐳2012[67] | HT伴或不伴化療 | 121 | 52~74 Gy/33 F | 96.5 | 92.6 | 86.8 | ? | 4.9 | 4.1 | 0 | - |
Goto 2010[68] | HT/non-IMRT | 13/37 | 38 Gy/44 Gy | 88.0/ 78.0 | - | - | ? | 7/7 | - | - | - |
Chen 2012[69] | HT/SMLC-IMRT | 14/16 | 70 Gy | - | 81/81 | - | ? | - | - | 7/13 | - |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.4 肺癌
納入12個觀察性研究[70-81],1個CCT [82](n=442)。結果顯示:HT治療肺癌1年生存率60.5%、2年生存率55%~56%、3年生存率62.5%、1年無病生存率66%和2年無惡化生存率50%。急性食管毒性和肺毒性是其主要毒性反應;毒性程度以輕度為主(G2),3級以上較少,遠期毒性較少,程度較輕。1個研究報告HT的毒性發生率低于3D-CRT(表 8)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 (T/C) |
放射劑量 | 安全性(%) | 有效性 | ||
≥G3食管毒性 | ≥G3肺毒性 | 其他 | |||||
Bral 2009[70] | 34 | HT | 2~2.48 Gy | 24.0 | 3.0 | 遠期肺毒性21.0 | - |
Cannon 2010[71] | 71 | HT | 57~87.5 Gy/25 F | - | - | 遠期G2食管毒性2例 | - |
Bral 2010[72] | 40 | HT | 70.5 Gy/30 F | - | 10.0 | 遠期G3肺毒性16% | 急性毒性死亡2例; 1年無惡化生存率66%; 2年無惡化生存率50% |
Caruso 2011[73] | 30 | HT | 64.5~68.4 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | - |
Dell' Oca 2011[74] | 15 | HT | 52 Gy(4 Gy/d) | - | - | - | 25%惡化 |
Gayar 2011[75] | 40 | HT | 3×20 Gy、4×12 Gy、5×10 Gy | ? | 5.0 | G3皮膚毒性1例 | 1例復發,局部控制90% |
Monaco 2011[76] | 20 | HT | 67.5 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | 1例惡化 |
Kim 2009[77]▲ | 31 | HT | 40~50 Gy/10 F | - | - | - | 1年生存率60.5% |
Parisi 2011[78] | 16 | HT+化療 | 40 Gy/5 F/d | - | - | - | 22月生存率55.0% |
Song 2010[79] | 37 | HT+化療 | 50~70.4 Gy(1.8~2.4 Gy/F) | 13.5(G3) | 18.9 | - | 4例死亡,2年生存率56% |
Cardinale 2011[80] | 65 | HT+化療 | >60 Gy(1.8~2.0 Gy/F) | - | - | - | 9例死亡 |
Chang 2011[81]* | 25 | HT+化療 | 40~50 Gy/16~20 F | - | - | - | 3年生存率62.5% |
Vogelius 2010[82] | 18 | HT/3D-CRT | 60 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | - |
-:未報道;*:肺癌;▲:肺轉移,其余為非小細胞肺癌 |
2.3.2.5 腦部腫瘤
納入12個觀察性研究[83-94](n=290)。結果顯示:HT治療腦膜瘤、顱內腫瘤和腦轉移的毒性發生率低,無嚴重毒性反應。3個研究報告1年生存率>80%。1個研究報告1年生存率45%,但中位生存時間超過1年。2個研究報告(伴化療)因化療易出現嚴重血液毒性,HT治療后患者生命質量開始下降,6個月后開始恢復(表 9)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Schiappacasse 2011[83] | 腦膜瘤 | 28 | HT | 5 000~5 400 cGy | 毒性為G1 | - |
Combs 2011[84] | 腦膜瘤 | 12 | HT | - | 無嚴重不良反應 | 無死亡 |
Gupta 2012[85] | 顱內腫瘤 | 27 | HT | 54 Gy/30 F | - | 2年無惡化生存率和生存率為93.3%和100% |
Toledo 2011[86] | 顱內腫瘤 | 54 | HT | 20 / 64 Gy | - | 生存率84% |
Rodrigues 2011[87] | 腦轉移 | 48 | HT | 60 Gy/10 F | - | 6例穩定,8例惡化 |
Sanghera 2010[88] | 腦轉移 | 5 | HT | 27~30 Gy | 無神經系統惡化癥狀 | 1年生存率80% |
Sterzing 2009[89] | 腦轉移 | 2 | HT | 15 Gy+30 Gy | 治療后輕微頭痛2 d | - |
Tomita 2008[90] | 腦轉移 | 23 | HT | 50 Gy+30 Gy/10 F,35~37.5 Gy/5 F | - | 1年生存率95.6% |
Galeandro 2011[91] | 腦轉移 | 21 | HT | 24 Gy/3 F | 1例慢性毒性 | 中位生存時間14.4個月,1年生存率45% |
Brunet 2010[92] | 腦腫瘤 | 49 | HT | - | - | 生命質量2個月后下降,6個月后恢復;呼吸困難前6個月嚴重,1年后恢復;運動障礙前2個月嚴重,6個月后恢復 |
Sugie 2010[93] | 腦腫瘤 | 12 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 30.6 Gy/18 F | ≥G3白血球減少92%,厭食50%,貧血42%,血小板減少42% | - |
Fumagalli 2010[94] | 腦腫瘤 | 9 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 5~30 Gy | G4血液毒性44%,G3血小板減少11% | 總生存率100% |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.6 直結腸癌
納入12個觀察性研究[95-106](n=259)。結果顯示:HT的毒性反應主要是胃腸道毒性,嚴重胃腸道毒性發生率低于10%;伴化療易出現血液毒性反應;直腸癌2年生存率93%(無惡化生存率79%),直結腸癌1年生存率86%(無惡化生存率25%)和結腸癌1年生存率78%(無惡化生存率14%)(表 10)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
De Ridder 2008[95] | 24 | HT | 46 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G3腸炎4.2% | - |
Ugurluer 2009[96] | 6 | HT | 36 Gy(1.8 Gy/fr)+23.4 Gy | - | 1例復發 |
Slim 2011[97] | 6 | HT | 41.4 Gy/18 F | 毒性 < G3 | - |
Passoni 2010[98] | 3 | HT | 41.4 Gy/18 F | 毒性 < G3 | - |
Engels 2011[99]* | 23 | HT | 40 Gy(4 Gy/F) | G3嘔吐4.3% | 1年無惡化生存率和生存率分別為25%和86% |
Engels 2012[100] | 108 | HT | 46 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G3以上胃腸毒性和尿毒分別為6%和4% | 2年無惡化生存率和存活率分別為79%和93% |
Nguyen 2011[101] | 5 | HT+化療 | - | G3-4級腸炎80% | - |
Kay 2010[102] | 7 | HT+化療 | 45~60 Gy(1.8~2.5 Gy/F) | 皮膚毒性均 < G2 | 1例復發 |
Chen 2012[103] | 12 | HT+化療 | 55 Gy | 除血液毒性外未發現其他有利毒性 | - |
Loewen 2011[104] | 26 | HT+化療 | 45 Gy~54 Gy /30 F | G3胃腸道毒性6.7%,G3及G3以上血液學毒性39% | - |
Siker 2011[105] | 15 | HT+化療 | 45~50.5 Gy | G3胃腸與皮膚毒性33.3%,G3血液學毒性60% | - |
Engels 2012[106]▲ | 24 | HT+化療 | 50 Gy(5 Gy/F) | G3吞咽困難4.2% | 1年的無惡化生存率和存活率分別為14%和78% |
-:未報道;*:直結腸癌;▲:結腸癌 |
2.3.2.7 宮頸癌
納入7個觀察性研究[107-113](n=176)。結果顯示:宮頸癌HT聯合化療不良反應主要表現為胃腸道毒性和血液毒性;嚴重胃腸道毒性(≥G3)發生率2.5%~50%,嚴重血液毒性(≥G3)發生率20%~95%;1個研究報告聯合化療的血液毒性高于無化療;其遠期毒性和泌尿生殖道毒性反應發生率低,且程度輕;HT伴或不伴化療治療宮頸癌2年生存率67%、3年生存率65%~100%、2年無病生存率77%和3年無惡化生存率63%~89%(表 11)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | ? | 有效性 | ||||
G3胃腸道毒性 | 泌尿生殖道毒性(例) | 血液毒性(G3) | 遠期毒性(例) | 生存率 | 無惡化生存率 | |||||
Kim 2012[107] | 26 | HT | 62.6 Gy | 8例急性毒性 | - | - | 1 | ? | 3年65% | 3年63% |
Kim 2011[108] | 41 | HT | 62.6 Gy | 無G3 | - | 無G3 | - | ? | 中位生存時間46個月,復發者中位生存時間12個月 | - |
Marnitz 2010[109] | 20 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 50.4~59.36 Gy(1.8~2.12 Gy/F) | 5.0% | 無G3 | 50% G2-3 | - | ? | - | - |
Schwarz 2011[110] | 24 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | 50.0% | 1 G4 | 95%>G3化療,43%無化療 | 2 | ? | 3年100% | 3年89% |
Chang 2012[111] | 15 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | 6.7% | - | - | - | ? | 3年93% | 3年80% |
Marnitz 2012[112] | 40 | HT+化療 | 1.8~50.4 Gy SIB 2.12~59.36 Gy | 2.5% | 0 G3 | 20% G3 | - | ? | - | - |
Hsieh 2009[113] | 10 | HT+化療 | ? | 10.0% | - | 33% G3 | - | ? | 2年67% | 2年無病生存率77% |
周桂霞2011[114] | 68/58 | HT/IMRT | 46 Gy/23 F、50 Gy/25 F | 無G3 | - | 4.41% vs. 6.9% | - | ? | - | - |
趙瀟2012[115] | 153/75 | HT/IMRT | 46~66 Gy/23~28 F | 無G3 | 無G3 | - | - | ? | 1年:94.22%/93.86%,2年:89.13%/81.84%,3年:85.21%/ 71.11% | - |
趙瀟2012[116] | 44 vs. 37/26 | HT/IMRT/3D-CRT | 50~60 Gy/25 F vs. 66 Gy/25 F vs. 50~60 Gy/25 F | 無G3 | 無G3 | - | - | ? | - | - |
-:未報道 |
納入3個CCT [114-116](n=461)。結果顯示:HT與其他同類技術均無嚴重毒性反應出現,但HT輕度毒性反應發生率低于IMRT和3D-CRT,1年、2年和3年生存率均高于IMRT。
2.3.2.8 肝癌
納入8個觀察性研究[117-124](n=403)。結果顯示:HT與對照效果差異不大;HT治療肝癌1年生存率50.1%~87.5%、2年生存率14.9%、中位生存時間12.3~22.5個月,嚴重毒性反應發生率低(表 12)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
McIntosh 2009[117] | 20 | HT | 50 Gy/20 F | 無>G2毒性反應 | 中位生存時間22.5±5.1個月(A級),8±3.3個月(B級) |
Jang 2009[118] | 42 | HT+化療 | 51.03 Gy/10 F | 無G4-5毒性反應 | 1年和2年生存率50.1%和14.9%,中位生存時間12.3個月 |
Baisden 2008[119] | 10 | HT+化療 | 50 Gy/20 F | - | 中位生存時間13個月 |
Chi 2010[120] | 23 | HT+化療 | 52.5 Gy/15 F | 10例≥G2級肝酶升高,15例≥G2級血小板減少 | 1年生存率70%,中位生存時間16個月 |
Jang 2011[121] | 32 | HT | 50 Gy/ 10、20 F | 2例(6.3%)十二指腸潰瘍穿孔 | 1年生存率87.5%,1年無病總生存率21.9% |
Kay 2010[122] | 21 | HT | 38.01~44.01 Gy / 10 F | 無4級以上毒性 | 1年生存率59.86%,中位生存時間14.0±1.9個月 |
Ernst 2011[123] | 15 | HT | 3 ×12.5 Gy /5 × 7.0 Gy | 無G2以上毒性 | - |
Jung 2012[124] | 240 | HT | - | - | 中位生存時間14.6個月 |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.9 乳腺癌
納入6個觀察性研究[125-130](n=171)。結果顯示:HT治療乳腺癌的主要不良反應是皮膚毒性,但以輕度(G2)為主,3級及以上毒性反應發生率低;出現輕度吞咽困難和呼吸困難毒性,但發生率低、程度輕。
2個CCT [131-132](n=120)報告HT皮膚毒性和淋巴水腫等不良反應發生率均低于傳統放射治療(表 13)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 皮膚毒性 | 其他 |
Caudrelier 2010[125] | 30 | HT | 50 Gy /25 F | 13.3% | 3例G2吞咽困難、5例呼吸困難 |
Cendales 2011[126] | 10 | HT | ? | 58.3%(G2) | - |
Franco 2011[127] | 30 | HT | 50 Gy/25 F +10 Gy/5 F | 10.0%(G2) | - |
Franzetti 2011[128] | 10 | HT | 50 GY/25 F | 無≥G2 | - |
Uhl 2011[129] | 85 | HT | 50.4 Gy/28 F | 37.6%(G2) | - |
Chira 2011[130] | 6 | HT+化療 | 50.4~63.8 Gy/29 F | 16.7%(G3) | 1例≤G2吞咽困難 |
Garcia 2011[131] | 28 vs. 21 | HT/Topo | 200 cGy | 9.0%(G2) | - |
Van Parijs 2011[132] | 32 vs. 38 | HT/傳統放療 | 42 Gy/15 F vs. 50 Gy/25 F | 26%/53%(G1-2) | 上肢淋巴水腫10.5% vs. 16.7%,G1 FEV1下降18%,G1 DLCO下降32% |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.10 胸膜間皮瘤
納入5個觀察性研究[133-137],1個CCT [138](n=73)。結果顯示:HT治療胸膜間皮瘤毒性反應發生率低,主要毒性反應為肺炎(≥G3,13.7%),而皮炎、食管毒性、嘔吐等毒性反應發生率低,程度輕;5個研究報告7例死亡、中位生存時間18.4個月、2年無病生存率51.8%、復發率29%~42%。1個研究(HT vs. HT+SIB)(simultaneous Integrated Boost,SIB,同時補量照射技術)報告HT+SIB治療后患者的1年生存率、中位生存時間、復發和復發時間均優于SIB。但采用HT治療胸膜間皮瘤的研究樣本量過少,其研究結果存在較大偏倚(表 14)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性(例) | 有效性 | |
死亡率(生存率)/ 中位生存時間(年) |
復發率%/ 中位復發時間(月) |
|||||
Giraud 2011[133] | 24 | HT | 46~54 Gy(1.7~2.16 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2、G3肺炎2、G3食管毒性1、嘔吐1、皮炎2 | 死亡率8.3% | 29 |
Sylvestre 2011[134] | 24 | HT | 50 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2、G3肺炎2G3食管毒性1、嘔吐1、皮炎2 | 死亡率8.3%,2年無病生存率51.8% | 30 |
Abbiero 2011[135] | 8 | HT | 48 Gy(12 F/d) | 無毒性反應 | 0 | - |
Ebara 2012[136] | 3 | HT | 45 Gy/25 F | G2食管毒性1 | ? | 30 |
Giraud 2011[137] | 14 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 50~57 Gy(2~2.16 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2 | 死亡率21.4%,生存時間18.4 | 43 |
Fodor 2010[138] | 12/12 | HT+no-SIB/HT+SIB | 56 Gy/25 F、BTV 62.5 Gy | ≥G3毒性0 vs. 3 | 1年生存率43% vs. 72% | 局部無復發率15% vs. 75%,復發時間6 vs. 16 |
-:未報道;SIB:simultaneous integrated boost,同時補量照射技術 |
2.3.2.11 口腔腫瘤
納入4個觀察性研究[139, 141-143],1個CCT [140](n=145)。結果顯示:HT伴化療易出現嚴重黏膜毒性和血液毒性,單用HT毒性反應低;HT治療口腔癌2年生存率、局部控制率和無轉移率均>90%,口咽癌則相對較低;HT與sw-IMRT治療口咽癌毒性均低,但HT優于sw-IMRT(表 15)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 (T/C) |
放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Shueng 2010[139] | 口咽癌 | 10 | HT+化療 | 56~70 Gy | G3黏膜炎10% | 18個月生存率、局部控制率、無轉移率分別為67%、80%、100% |
Fortin 2011[140] | 口咽癌 | 89 | HT/sw-IMRT | 25 Gy/32 Gy 20 Gy/25 Gy | 6月G2口腔干燥16%/76%;1年G2口腔干燥0%/54% | - |
Cianciulli 2011[141] | 口腔癌 | 20 | HT | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 低于G3 | - |
Hsieh 2011[142] | 口腔癌 | 19 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | G3黏膜炎、皮膚炎,白細胞減少率為42%、5%和5% | 2年生存率率、局部控制率、無轉移率分別為94%、92%、94% |
Cosinschi 2011[143] | 鱗狀細胞喉癌 | 7 | HT | 70 Gy /35 F | 低于G3 | - |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.12 脊柱腫瘤/轉移
納入4個觀察性研究[144-147](n=104)。結果顯示:HT治療脊柱腫瘤/轉移無嚴重毒性反應;治療后患者1年生存率67%~73%、中位生存時間5.1個月、中位局部無復發存活期3個月和疼痛緩解率93.8%(表 16)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Kim 2008[144] | 脊柱腫瘤 | 8 | HT | 2 500 cGy /500 cGy | 無G2以上毒性反應 | 中位生存時間5.1個月 |
Sheehan 2009[145] | 脊柱轉移 | 40 | HT | 17.3 Gy | 殘疾得分比基線降低18 | 1年生存率73% |
Sterzing 2010[146] | 脊柱轉移 | 36 | HT | 34.8~36.3Gy | G2毒性反應1例 | 1年生存率67%,2年生存率58% |
Choi 2011[147] | 脊柱轉移 | 20 | HT | 40 Gy /8 F | - | 6月局部控制率90.3%,中位局部無復發存活期3月,疼痛緩解率93.8% |
-:未報道 |
2.3.2.13 膠質細胞瘤
納入4個觀察性研究[148-151](n=102)。結果顯示:其嚴重毒性發生率較低;治療后患者中位生存時間7.6~18.5個月、1年生存率50%~74%、2年生存率24%和復發中位時間7個月(表 17)。

下載CSV
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Kim 2011[148] | 8 | HT | 2 500 cGy | 無嚴重毒性反應 | 1年生存率50%,中位生存時間7.6個月 |
Jastaniyah 2010[149] | 25 | HT+化療 | 54.4 Gy / 20 F,60 Gy /22F | G3-4血液學毒性8% G4肺炎4% | 中位生存時間15.67個月 |
Miwa 2010[150] | 39 | HT+化療 | 40~56 Gy | 晚期毒性23% | 中位生存時間18.5個月,1年總生存率74%,2年總生存率24% |
AlHussain 2011[151] | 30 | HT+化療 | 40.5~60 Gy/15 F | 無嚴重毒性反應 | 復發中位時間7月,無復發中位生存時間7.4個月,中位生存時間13.6個月 |
2.3.2.14 骨髓瘤
納入2個觀察性研究[152-153],1個CCT [154](n=41)。結果顯示:其嚴重毒性發生率較低,主要毒性反應為高血壓、下肢靜脈血栓、肺炎和遠期腸炎;治療后患者3年生存率82%、3年無惡化生存率49%;HT與3D-CRT毒性程度無差異(表 18)。

下載CSV
綜上所述,HT治療腫瘤總體毒性較低,治療后生存率較高。雖然納入的研究質量均低,但前列腺癌、頭頸癌、鼻咽癌、宮頸癌、肺癌、肝癌研究證據較多,累計樣本較大,各研究間結果相對穩定,其療效和安全性結果可靠(表 19)。

下載CSV
適應癥 | 研究類型 | 研究數 | n | 毒性 | 生存率 | 證據質量 | 推薦 |
前列腺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 31 | 2?592 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
頭頸癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 15 | 1?042 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
鼻咽癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 13 | 547 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
肺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 13 | 442 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
腦部腫瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 12 | 290 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
直結腸癌 | 觀察性研究 | 12 | 259 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
宮頸癌 | 觀察性研究 | 10 | 637 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
肝癌 | 觀察性研究 | 8 | 403 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
乳腺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 8 | 291 | 較低 | – | 低 | √ |
胸膜間皮瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 7 | 97 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
口腔腫瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 5 | 145 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
脊柱腫瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 4 | 104 | 低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
膠質細胞瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 4 | 102 | 低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
骨髓瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 3 | 41 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
–:未報道 |
2.3.3 在研臨床試驗
在Clinicaltrials.gov注冊了56個HT相關臨床試驗,包括北美39個(加拿大19個、美國20個)、歐洲11個、南亞3個和其他地區(不祥)3個。其中9個研究已完成,但尚未公布研究結果。其研究疾病譜見圖 3。

A:宮頸癌;B:白血病;C:頭頸癌;D:前列腺癌;E:乳腺癌;F:神經膠質腫瘤;G:非小細胞肺癌;H:肺癌;I:腦部轉移;J:骨轉移;K:腹部轉移;L:胰腺癌;M:直腸癌;N:中樞神經系統癌;O:腎癌;P:食道癌;Q:間皮瘤;R:鱗狀細胞癌;S:卵巢癌;T:腦癌;U:大腸癌;V:膽囊與胰腺癌;W:動脈瘤;X:輻射誘導肉瘤;Y:肝癌;Z:膀胱癌;A':骨癌;B':軟組織瘤;C':子宮內膜癌;D':癌癥
2.3.4 開展條件
在HT業務繁忙的醫療單位,其HT平均整體治療時間為21.3~27.4分鐘。出現超時的主要原因是設備故障[155]。1個加拿大的研究[9]報告HT整體治療時間為27分鐘,78%的患者對治療過程滿意。HT可被快速引入日常臨床工作,甚至也可適用于肥胖、幽閉恐懼癥、疼痛、神經或骨科損傷等原因而致不能固定的患者。
HT技術人員需理解CT成像和重構技術、放射劑量伴隨危險、圖像操作與處理技術和人體解剖知識,且具備臨床決策能力。1個HT單元可配備2~4名放射技師,但3人效率更高,2人負責治療,1人輔助。如長時間工作,則需增加放射技師,且放射技師需具備基本知識和技術(包括臨床知識、IMRT和IGRT的經驗、螺旋CT治療的經驗、放射劑量學知識和經驗、專職、能遵守部門規定以及對未來工作充滿興趣)[156]。
國內對HT機房屏蔽防護厚度見表 20。HT驗收項目與傳統加速器不同[157],主要包括靜態射野劑量學、系統動態特性、系統同步性和系統機械配準。此外,威斯康星大學[158]對HT制定了全方位的質量保證規范,提供了質量保證日檢、月檢、季檢和年檢的臨床應用方案。臨床單位需建立質量保證規范,熟悉后可由季檢改為年檢。

下載CSV
計算方法 | 東墻 | 南墻 | 西墻 | 北墻 | 頂棚 | 地板 |
無自屏蔽 | 1?101 | 1?907 | 1?027 | 2?389 | 2?073 | 1?799 |
有自屏蔽 | 1?023 | 975 | 917 | 1?460 | 1?147 | 1?189 |
3 討論
3.1 證據基礎
目前HT研究證據主要為劑量和安全性研究,臨床療效研究尤其是長期隨訪研究證據較少,同類技術比較研究更少。本研究納入的研究類型以觀察性研究和CCT為主,其證據質量不如RCT,其仍為安全性研究的主要證據,但缺乏長期隨訪,故長期毒性和臨床效果有待高質量長期隨訪進一步證實。
3.2 適應癥
HT腫瘤治療病譜較廣,適用于頭部、頸部、胸部、腹部、盆腔、皮膚、造血、骨腫瘤和全身多發性轉移瘤。國內死亡率前10位的惡性腫瘤分別為肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌、結直腸癌、白血病、腦瘤、女性乳腺癌、胰腺癌和骨癌[158],其中4類腫瘤因納入研究證據較少,本研究無法對其進行評估。
3.3 加強管理,提高效益
HT設備和維護費用較高,對技術、人員和資源有一定要求。其治療費用高,普通患者難以負擔。國內現已在中國醫學科學院附屬腫瘤醫院、北京協和醫院、301醫院等多家著名三甲醫院開展HT。因未獲得國內各配置醫院HT的使用率和患者治療數的統計數據,本研究尚無法評估其國內使用效率。為降低成本和患者的經濟負擔,需加強管理,合理提高HT的使用率和開機率,但更需加強監管避免醫院誘導需求,過度使用,增加不必要的衛生費用。
3.4 合理配置
國內HT設備主要分布在北京、上海和其他東部沿海城市。中國腫瘤負擔呈中高、東西部低分布[159]。因此需綜合考慮我國的腫瘤流行病學特征、衛生資源配置、疾病負擔和醫療衛生服務水平等因素循證配置。
3.5 本研究的局限性
現有證據質量均不高,同類比較研究數量少,缺乏高質量的對照研究和長期隨訪的研究,且無系統評價、RCT和經濟學評估證據,此外還有56個在研臨床試驗結果尚未公布,今后有進一步更新HTA的必要。
3.6 結論
(1)HT優于傳統治療、安全性和療效較好,但成本增加。各HTA納入臨床證據和經濟學證據較少,證據質量低。
(2)本研究納入HT治療前列腺癌、頭頸癌、鼻咽癌、肺癌、腦部腫瘤、直結腸癌、宮頸癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、胸膜間皮瘤、口腔腫瘤、脊柱腫瘤、膠質細胞瘤、骨髓瘤等共14類腫瘤的相關研究,其結果顯示:HT治療毒性反應種類主要為胃腸毒性、泌尿生殖道毒性、血液毒性、肺炎、皮膚黏膜毒性和口腔干燥,嚴重毒性反應(≥3級以上)發生率較低;以急性為主,遠期毒性發生率低、程度輕;HT治療腫瘤生存率較高、復發率較低,治療后生命質量雖短期內降低但6個月后開始恢復。
(3)前列腺癌治療HT優于3D-CRT、LINAC和C-IGRT,胃腸毒性低于傳統IMRT;泌尿生殖道毒性高于傳統IMRT;鼻咽癌治療HT優于non-IMRT和SMLC-IMRT;宮頸癌治療HT優于IMRT和3D-CRT;乳腺癌治理HT優于傳統放療;肺癌治療HT優于3D-CRT;骨髓瘤治療HT與3D-CRT無差異;口咽癌治療HT優于sw-IMRT。HT可在業務繁忙的醫療單位開展,但需配備3名具有專業知識的放射技師。對機房屏蔽防護有一定要求,配備的單位需同時建立相應的質量保證規范。
表1 納入HTA的基本特征
納入研究 | 研究地點 | 主要疾病 | 臨床證據 | 經濟學證據 | 結果 |
AETSA 2008[6] | 西班牙 | 鼻竇癌、頭頸癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌 | 納入7個病例系列報告,41個劑量研究 | - | HT總體療效較好,優于傳統治療技術 |
NIHR 2006[7] | 英國 | - | 納入4個放射劑量研究,無RCT | 估計成本2百萬英磅,每年需8%維護費 | HT療效增加,優于傳統放射治療,成本增加 |
CADTH 2009[8] | 加拿大 | - | 無臨床研究納入 | 無經濟學研究 | - |
AHTA 2009[9] | 澳大利亞 | 15類腫瘤,150例 | 納入13個研究(1個3級,12個4級) | 無經濟學研究 | HT優于傳統治療,缺乏高質量證據、遠期效果證據和經濟學證據 |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表2 納入研究的疾病分布
排序 | 腫瘤類型 | 研究數(個) | n(例) |
1 | 前列腺癌 | 31 | 2?592 |
2 | 頭頸癌 | 15 | 1?042 |
3 | 鼻咽癌 | 13 | 547 |
4 | 肺癌 | 13 | 442 |
5 | 腦部腫瘤 | 12 | 290 |
6 | 直結腸癌 | 12 | 259 |
7 | 宮頸癌 | 10 | 637 |
8 | 肝癌 | 8 | 403 |
9 | 乳腺癌 | 8 | 291 |
10 | 胸膜間皮瘤 | 7 | 97 |
11 | 口腔腫瘤 | 5 | 145 |
12 | 脊柱腫瘤 | 4 | 104 |
13 | 膠質細胞瘤 | 4 | 102 |
14 | 骨髓瘤 | 3 | 41 |
15 | 其他 | 31 | – |
下載CSV
表3 HT治療前列腺癌的安全性(觀察性研究)
納入研究 | n | 放射總劑量 (Gy) |
放射單劑量 (Gy/F) |
消化道毒性 | ? | 泌尿生殖道毒性 | ||||||||
急性 | ? | 遠期 | 急性 | ? | 遠期 | |||||||||
G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | G2(%) | G3(%) | |||||||
Teh 2005[11] | 116 | 76 | 2.17 | 8(6.9) | 2(1.7) | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Cozzarini 2007[12] | 35 | 74.2~72 | 2.18~2.65 | 1(2.9) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 2(5.7) | - | ? | - | 1(2.9) |
Cheng 2008[13] | 146 | 68.8~78.9 | 1.8~2.0 | 48(32.8) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Engels 2009[14] | 28 | 54 /SIB 70.5 | 1.8~2.33 | 2(7.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 4(14.0) | 1(4.0) | ? | - | - |
DiMuzio 2009[15] | 60 | 65.5 | 2.34 | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | 12(20.0) | 2(3.0) | ? | - | - |
尹雷明2009[16] | 12 | 76 | 2.17 | 1(8.0) | - | ? | 1(8.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | 1(8.0) |
Alongi 2010[17] | 153 | 前列腺65.5~74.2/盆腔淋巴結51.8 | 1.85(2.34~2.65) | 13(8.5) | 0 | ? | - | - | ? | 25(16.0) | 2(1.0) | ? | - | - |
Schwarz 2010[18] | 82 | 72~80 | 1.8~2.0 | - | - | ? | 13(15.9) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 8(9.8) | - |
Di Muzio 2010[19] | 98 | 71.4~74.2 | 2.55~2.97 | 9(9.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 14(15.0) | - | ? | - | - |
Pervez 2010[20] | 60 | 68 | 2.72 | 21(35.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 30(33.3) | 4(6.7) | ? | - | - |
Drodge 2010[21] | 60 | 68 | 2.72 | - | 8(13.6) | ? | 3(5.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Cendales 2010[22] | 65 | 68~78 | 2~2.55 | 1(1.7) | 1(1.7) | ? | - | - | ? | 2(8.3) | - | ? | - | - |
Alongi 2010[23] | 55 | 51.8~74.2 | 1.85~2.65 | 7(12.7) | - | ? | 3(5.4) | - | ? | 5(9.0) | - | ? | 2(4.0) | - |
Ayakawa 2011[24] | 230 | 72.6~74.8 | 2.2 | 6(2.6) | - | ? | 12(4.8) | - | ? | 34(15.0) | - | ? | 7(3.0) | - |
Cammarota 2011[25] | 31 | 66~71.9 | 2~2.18 | 3(10.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 7(23.3) | - | ? | 3(9.7) | - |
Longobardi 2011[26] | 178 | 前列腺65.5~74.2/盆腔淋巴結51.8 | 1.85(2.34~2.65) | 15(8.4) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - |
Le 2011[27] | 60 | 45~68 | 1.8~2.72 | 21(35.0) | 4(6.7) | ? | 5(8.0) | - | ? | 20(33.3) | - | ? | - | 4(7.0) |
Rumeo 2011[28] | 5 | 25 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 |
Geier 2012[29] | 40 | 70(SIB 76) | 2(2.17) | 10(25.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 23(58.0) | 8(20.0) | ? | - | - |
Lopez 2012[30] | 48 | 68.04~70.2 | 2.5~2.6 | 9(19.0) | 0 | ? | 2(4.0) | ? | ? | 9(19.0) | 3(6.0) | ? | 1(2.0) | - |
Tomita 2012[31] | 241 | 74~78 | - | 27(11.2) | - | ? | 16(6.6) | 2(0.8) | ? | 59(24.5) | - | ? | 20(8.3) | 3(1.2) |
Borrelli 2011[32]* | 28 | 62~66 | 1.6~2 | - | - | ? | 2(7.1) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 2(7.1) | - |
Berardi 2010[33]* | 40 | 42~74.2 | 2.65~7 | 2(5.0) | - | ? | - | - | ? | 3(7.5) | - | ? | - | - |
Garibaldi 2011[34] | 19 | 51.54~75.2 | 1.7~2.35 | 1(5.3) | - | ? | - | - | ? | - | - | ? | 1(5.3) | - |
合計 | 1?890 | 45~80 | 1.8~5 | 205(10.8) | 15(0.8) | ? | 54(2.9) | 2 | ? | 249(13.2) | 20(1.1) | ? | 44(2.3) | 9(0.5) |
*:復發;-:未報道;SIB:simultaneous integrated boost,同時補量照射技術 |
下載CSV
表4 HT治療前列腺癌的安全性(CCT)
納入研究 | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | n | 急性GI≥G2(T/C) | 急性GU≥G2(T/C) | 遠期GI≥G2(T/C) | 遠期GU≥G2(T/C) |
Cozzarini 2008[35] | HT/3D-CRT | 58 Gy/20 F | 50/153 | ↓12.0%/15.6% | - | 0/8.5% | 12%/14% |
Russo 2011[36] | HT/3D-CRT | 78.5 Gy/35 F vs. 76 Gy/38 F | 16/13 | ↓0/7.7% | ↓38.0%/63.4% | - | 12.5%/53.8% |
Keiler 2007[37] | HT/LINAC | 66~81 Gy(1.8 Gy/F) | 55/43 | ↓25.0%/40.0% | ↑51.0%/28.0% | - | - |
Alongi 2009[38] | HT/LINAC/3D-CRT | 盆腔淋巴結50.6 Gy(1.83 Gy/F)vs. 50.6 Gy(1.8 Gy/F)vs. 50.1Gy(1.8 Gy/F);前列腺70 Gy(2.35 Gy/F)vs. 72.5 Gy(1.8 Gy/F)vs.72.1 Gy(1.8 Gy/F) | 54/37/81 | 上消化道↓ 1.8%/13.5%/22.2% 下消化道↓ 0/8.1%/8.6% |
7.4% vs. 5.4% vs. 12.3% | - | - |
Marques 2011[39] | HT/傳統IMRT | 65.8 Gy vs. 72~77.4 Gy | 43/37 | ↓23.3%/30.0% | ↑40.0%/38.0% | 6.9%/13.5% | - |
Hicks 2011[40] | HT/C-IGRT/calypso | 7 920 cGy | 10/43/7 | ↓0/9.3%/0 | ↓0/5%/0 | - | - |
-:未報道;↑:表示毒性發生率上升;↓:表示毒性發生率下降 |
下載CSV
表5 HT治療前列腺癌的有效性(觀察性研究)
納入研究 | n | 1年生存率 | 2年生存率 | 3年生存率 | 4年生存率 | 5年生存率 | 復發率 |
Le 2011[27] | 60 | 100.0% | 96.5% | 94.7% | 94.7% | 94.7% | - |
Drodge 2010[21] | 60 | 100.0% | 96.5% | 94.7% | 94.7% | - | - |
Tomita 2012[31] | 241 | - | - | 95.8%~100%(無病生存率) | 0.8% | ||
Ayakawa 2011[24] | 230 | - | - | 98.0% | - | - | - |
Cammarota 2011[25] | 31 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.4% |
Di Muzio 2010[19] | 98 | - | - | - | - | - | 3.0% |
Pervez 2012[41] | 60 | 患者生命質量得分6個月最低,18~24個月恢復到基線; 1~6個月腸功能有關生存質量指標受到顯著影響,但6個月后逐漸提高; 1~6個月期間性功能相關生存質量指標得分受影響,但對大多數患者不造成問題 |
|||||
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表6 HT治療頭頸癌的有效性與安全性
納入研究 | n | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Chen 2009[42] | 77 | HT | 66 Gy(60~72 Gy) | - | 2年生存率82%,無病生存率71%,局部區域控制率77% |
Farrag 2009[43] | 76 | HT | - | - | 3年生存率69%,無病生存率47%,局部區域控制率59% |
Yoo 2010[44] | 8 | HT | 40~52.2 Gy/10~33 F | 毒性低于G2 | 5例治療失敗 |
Farrag 2010[45] | 63 | HT | - | - | 2年生存率66%,無病生存率54%,局部區域控制率77% |
Ricchetti 2010[46] | 9 | HT | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 8例脫發,1例區域性脫發,3個月后恢復 | - |
Bolle 2011[47] | 54 | HT | 70 Gy/33 F | G3急性黏膜18%,皮膚22%,晚期G3~4 4例 | 2年腫瘤控制率66%,2年生存率69% |
Chizzali 2011[48] | 25 | HT | 64.2 Gy | - | 治療期間生存質量下降,3年后疼痛、說話等各功能得到恢復,健康恢復到基線66% |
Dell' Oca 2011[49] | 66 | HT | 54~69 Gy | G3急性黏膜31.8%,G3皮膚18.2% | 13例局部復發,9例遠處轉移 |
Garibaldi 2011[50] | 13 | HT | 54~70.5 Gy/30 F | G3急性皮膚7.7%,G3黏液毒性7.7% | - |
Goy 2011[51] | 150 | HT | 50 Gy/25 F | G3口腔干燥1.3%,遠期口腔干燥1.3% | - |
Schiappacasse 2011[52] | 151 | HT | 50.4~70 Gy(1.6~2.25 Gy/F) | G3急性皮膚、黏液、食管毒性12%、 17%和11% | 14個月生存率90% |
You 2012[53] | 31 | HT | 69.96 Gy | G2口腔干燥10例 | ? |
Voordeckers 2012[54] | 76 | HT | 54 Gy(1.8 Gy/F);70.5 Gy(2.35 Gy/F) | - | 生命質量初始惡化,到治療后18個月恢復到基線 |
Goy 2011[55] | 94 | HT | <26 Gy L+R/<26 Gy L/R/≥26 Gy L+R | 高劑量組口腔干燥發生率高 | - |
Chen 2011[56] | 149 | HT/SMLC-IMRT | 23.5/27.9 Gy,30.1/43.9 Gy | G3毒性10% vs. 8% | 總體生命質量無差異 |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表7 HT治療鼻咽癌的有效性與安全性
納入研究 | 干預措施(T/C) | n | 放射劑量 | 有效性(%) | ? | 安全性(%) | |||||
1年 生存率 |
2年 生存率 |
3年 生存率 |
≥G3 皮膚 |
≥G3 黏膜 |
≥G3 口干 |
其他 | |||||
杜鐳2009[57] | HT | 45 | 49.5~76 Gy/32~33 F | - | - | - | ? | 2.2 | 2.2 | - | - |
路娜2010[58] | HT | 43 | 56~70 Gy/33 F | 95.3 | - | - | ? | 4.7 | 7 | - | 咽-食管毒性(G3)2.3% |
Goto 2010[59] | HT | 13 | 44 Gy | 88.0 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | G3遠期毒性7.7% |
Kodaira 2010[60] | HT | 48 | 70 Gy/35 F | - | 85.5 | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Ma 2010[61] | HT | 73 | 52~74 Gy/33 F | 94.8 | - | - | ? | 6.8 | 5.5 | 0 | 白細胞減少(G3)6.9% |
Marrone 2010[62] | HT | 30 | 53~71 Gy | - | - | - | ? | 0 | 13.3 | 0 | - |
Bacigalupo 2011[63] | HT | 12 | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 100.0 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Kodaira 2009[64] | HT伴或不伴化療 | 20 | 70 Gy /35 F | 95.0 | - | - | ? | 40.0 | 55.0 | 0 | 白細胞減少(G3)45%,貧血15%,血小板減少5%,嘔吐65% |
Feng 2011[65] | HT+化療 | 34 | 56~70 Gy/33 F | 94.1 | - | - | ? | - | - | - | - |
Shueng 2011[66] | HT+化療 | 28 | 70 Gy | - | - | 83.5 | ? | 10.7 | - | 3.6 | - |
杜鐳2012[67] | HT伴或不伴化療 | 121 | 52~74 Gy/33 F | 96.5 | 92.6 | 86.8 | ? | 4.9 | 4.1 | 0 | - |
Goto 2010[68] | HT/non-IMRT | 13/37 | 38 Gy/44 Gy | 88.0/ 78.0 | - | - | ? | 7/7 | - | - | - |
Chen 2012[69] | HT/SMLC-IMRT | 14/16 | 70 Gy | - | 81/81 | - | ? | - | - | 7/13 | - |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表8 HT治療肺癌的有效性與安全性
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 (T/C) |
放射劑量 | 安全性(%) | 有效性 | ||
≥G3食管毒性 | ≥G3肺毒性 | 其他 | |||||
Bral 2009[70] | 34 | HT | 2~2.48 Gy | 24.0 | 3.0 | 遠期肺毒性21.0 | - |
Cannon 2010[71] | 71 | HT | 57~87.5 Gy/25 F | - | - | 遠期G2食管毒性2例 | - |
Bral 2010[72] | 40 | HT | 70.5 Gy/30 F | - | 10.0 | 遠期G3肺毒性16% | 急性毒性死亡2例; 1年無惡化生存率66%; 2年無惡化生存率50% |
Caruso 2011[73] | 30 | HT | 64.5~68.4 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | - |
Dell' Oca 2011[74] | 15 | HT | 52 Gy(4 Gy/d) | - | - | - | 25%惡化 |
Gayar 2011[75] | 40 | HT | 3×20 Gy、4×12 Gy、5×10 Gy | ? | 5.0 | G3皮膚毒性1例 | 1例復發,局部控制90% |
Monaco 2011[76] | 20 | HT | 67.5 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | 1例惡化 |
Kim 2009[77]▲ | 31 | HT | 40~50 Gy/10 F | - | - | - | 1年生存率60.5% |
Parisi 2011[78] | 16 | HT+化療 | 40 Gy/5 F/d | - | - | - | 22月生存率55.0% |
Song 2010[79] | 37 | HT+化療 | 50~70.4 Gy(1.8~2.4 Gy/F) | 13.5(G3) | 18.9 | - | 4例死亡,2年生存率56% |
Cardinale 2011[80] | 65 | HT+化療 | >60 Gy(1.8~2.0 Gy/F) | - | - | - | 9例死亡 |
Chang 2011[81]* | 25 | HT+化療 | 40~50 Gy/16~20 F | - | - | - | 3年生存率62.5% |
Vogelius 2010[82] | 18 | HT/3D-CRT | 60 Gy/30 F | - | - | - | - |
-:未報道;*:肺癌;▲:肺轉移,其余為非小細胞肺癌 |
下載CSV
表9 HT治療腦部腫瘤的有效性與安全性(觀察性研究)
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Schiappacasse 2011[83] | 腦膜瘤 | 28 | HT | 5 000~5 400 cGy | 毒性為G1 | - |
Combs 2011[84] | 腦膜瘤 | 12 | HT | - | 無嚴重不良反應 | 無死亡 |
Gupta 2012[85] | 顱內腫瘤 | 27 | HT | 54 Gy/30 F | - | 2年無惡化生存率和生存率為93.3%和100% |
Toledo 2011[86] | 顱內腫瘤 | 54 | HT | 20 / 64 Gy | - | 生存率84% |
Rodrigues 2011[87] | 腦轉移 | 48 | HT | 60 Gy/10 F | - | 6例穩定,8例惡化 |
Sanghera 2010[88] | 腦轉移 | 5 | HT | 27~30 Gy | 無神經系統惡化癥狀 | 1年生存率80% |
Sterzing 2009[89] | 腦轉移 | 2 | HT | 15 Gy+30 Gy | 治療后輕微頭痛2 d | - |
Tomita 2008[90] | 腦轉移 | 23 | HT | 50 Gy+30 Gy/10 F,35~37.5 Gy/5 F | - | 1年生存率95.6% |
Galeandro 2011[91] | 腦轉移 | 21 | HT | 24 Gy/3 F | 1例慢性毒性 | 中位生存時間14.4個月,1年生存率45% |
Brunet 2010[92] | 腦腫瘤 | 49 | HT | - | - | 生命質量2個月后下降,6個月后恢復;呼吸困難前6個月嚴重,1年后恢復;運動障礙前2個月嚴重,6個月后恢復 |
Sugie 2010[93] | 腦腫瘤 | 12 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 30.6 Gy/18 F | ≥G3白血球減少92%,厭食50%,貧血42%,血小板減少42% | - |
Fumagalli 2010[94] | 腦腫瘤 | 9 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 5~30 Gy | G4血液毒性44%,G3血小板減少11% | 總生存率100% |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表10 HT治療直結腸癌的有效性與安全性(觀察性研究)
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
De Ridder 2008[95] | 24 | HT | 46 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G3腸炎4.2% | - |
Ugurluer 2009[96] | 6 | HT | 36 Gy(1.8 Gy/fr)+23.4 Gy | - | 1例復發 |
Slim 2011[97] | 6 | HT | 41.4 Gy/18 F | 毒性 < G3 | - |
Passoni 2010[98] | 3 | HT | 41.4 Gy/18 F | 毒性 < G3 | - |
Engels 2011[99]* | 23 | HT | 40 Gy(4 Gy/F) | G3嘔吐4.3% | 1年無惡化生存率和生存率分別為25%和86% |
Engels 2012[100] | 108 | HT | 46 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G3以上胃腸毒性和尿毒分別為6%和4% | 2年無惡化生存率和存活率分別為79%和93% |
Nguyen 2011[101] | 5 | HT+化療 | - | G3-4級腸炎80% | - |
Kay 2010[102] | 7 | HT+化療 | 45~60 Gy(1.8~2.5 Gy/F) | 皮膚毒性均 < G2 | 1例復發 |
Chen 2012[103] | 12 | HT+化療 | 55 Gy | 除血液毒性外未發現其他有利毒性 | - |
Loewen 2011[104] | 26 | HT+化療 | 45 Gy~54 Gy /30 F | G3胃腸道毒性6.7%,G3及G3以上血液學毒性39% | - |
Siker 2011[105] | 15 | HT+化療 | 45~50.5 Gy | G3胃腸與皮膚毒性33.3%,G3血液學毒性60% | - |
Engels 2012[106]▲ | 24 | HT+化療 | 50 Gy(5 Gy/F) | G3吞咽困難4.2% | 1年的無惡化生存率和存活率分別為14%和78% |
-:未報道;*:直結腸癌;▲:結腸癌 |
下載CSV
表11 HT治療宮頸癌的有效性與安全性(觀察性研究)
納入研究 | n | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | ? | 有效性 | ||||
G3胃腸道毒性 | 泌尿生殖道毒性(例) | 血液毒性(G3) | 遠期毒性(例) | 生存率 | 無惡化生存率 | |||||
Kim 2012[107] | 26 | HT | 62.6 Gy | 8例急性毒性 | - | - | 1 | ? | 3年65% | 3年63% |
Kim 2011[108] | 41 | HT | 62.6 Gy | 無G3 | - | 無G3 | - | ? | 中位生存時間46個月,復發者中位生存時間12個月 | - |
Marnitz 2010[109] | 20 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 50.4~59.36 Gy(1.8~2.12 Gy/F) | 5.0% | 無G3 | 50% G2-3 | - | ? | - | - |
Schwarz 2011[110] | 24 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | 50.0% | 1 G4 | 95%>G3化療,43%無化療 | 2 | ? | 3年100% | 3年89% |
Chang 2012[111] | 15 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | 6.7% | - | - | - | ? | 3年93% | 3年80% |
Marnitz 2012[112] | 40 | HT+化療 | 1.8~50.4 Gy SIB 2.12~59.36 Gy | 2.5% | 0 G3 | 20% G3 | - | ? | - | - |
Hsieh 2009[113] | 10 | HT+化療 | ? | 10.0% | - | 33% G3 | - | ? | 2年67% | 2年無病生存率77% |
周桂霞2011[114] | 68/58 | HT/IMRT | 46 Gy/23 F、50 Gy/25 F | 無G3 | - | 4.41% vs. 6.9% | - | ? | - | - |
趙瀟2012[115] | 153/75 | HT/IMRT | 46~66 Gy/23~28 F | 無G3 | 無G3 | - | - | ? | 1年:94.22%/93.86%,2年:89.13%/81.84%,3年:85.21%/ 71.11% | - |
趙瀟2012[116] | 44 vs. 37/26 | HT/IMRT/3D-CRT | 50~60 Gy/25 F vs. 66 Gy/25 F vs. 50~60 Gy/25 F | 無G3 | 無G3 | - | - | ? | - | - |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表12 HT治療肝癌的有效性與安全性(觀察性研究)
納入研究 | n | 干預 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
McIntosh 2009[117] | 20 | HT | 50 Gy/20 F | 無>G2毒性反應 | 中位生存時間22.5±5.1個月(A級),8±3.3個月(B級) |
Jang 2009[118] | 42 | HT+化療 | 51.03 Gy/10 F | 無G4-5毒性反應 | 1年和2年生存率50.1%和14.9%,中位生存時間12.3個月 |
Baisden 2008[119] | 10 | HT+化療 | 50 Gy/20 F | - | 中位生存時間13個月 |
Chi 2010[120] | 23 | HT+化療 | 52.5 Gy/15 F | 10例≥G2級肝酶升高,15例≥G2級血小板減少 | 1年生存率70%,中位生存時間16個月 |
Jang 2011[121] | 32 | HT | 50 Gy/ 10、20 F | 2例(6.3%)十二指腸潰瘍穿孔 | 1年生存率87.5%,1年無病總生存率21.9% |
Kay 2010[122] | 21 | HT | 38.01~44.01 Gy / 10 F | 無4級以上毒性 | 1年生存率59.86%,中位生存時間14.0±1.9個月 |
Ernst 2011[123] | 15 | HT | 3 ×12.5 Gy /5 × 7.0 Gy | 無G2以上毒性 | - |
Jung 2012[124] | 240 | HT | - | - | 中位生存時間14.6個月 |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表13 HT治療乳腺癌的安全性
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 皮膚毒性 | 其他 |
Caudrelier 2010[125] | 30 | HT | 50 Gy /25 F | 13.3% | 3例G2吞咽困難、5例呼吸困難 |
Cendales 2011[126] | 10 | HT | ? | 58.3%(G2) | - |
Franco 2011[127] | 30 | HT | 50 Gy/25 F +10 Gy/5 F | 10.0%(G2) | - |
Franzetti 2011[128] | 10 | HT | 50 GY/25 F | 無≥G2 | - |
Uhl 2011[129] | 85 | HT | 50.4 Gy/28 F | 37.6%(G2) | - |
Chira 2011[130] | 6 | HT+化療 | 50.4~63.8 Gy/29 F | 16.7%(G3) | 1例≤G2吞咽困難 |
Garcia 2011[131] | 28 vs. 21 | HT/Topo | 200 cGy | 9.0%(G2) | - |
Van Parijs 2011[132] | 32 vs. 38 | HT/傳統放療 | 42 Gy/15 F vs. 50 Gy/25 F | 26%/53%(G1-2) | 上肢淋巴水腫10.5% vs. 16.7%,G1 FEV1下降18%,G1 DLCO下降32% |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表14 HT治療胸膜間皮瘤的有效性與安全性
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性(例) | 有效性 | |
死亡率(生存率)/ 中位生存時間(年) |
復發率%/ 中位復發時間(月) |
|||||
Giraud 2011[133] | 24 | HT | 46~54 Gy(1.7~2.16 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2、G3肺炎2、G3食管毒性1、嘔吐1、皮炎2 | 死亡率8.3% | 29 |
Sylvestre 2011[134] | 24 | HT | 50 Gy(2 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2、G3肺炎2G3食管毒性1、嘔吐1、皮炎2 | 死亡率8.3%,2年無病生存率51.8% | 30 |
Abbiero 2011[135] | 8 | HT | 48 Gy(12 F/d) | 無毒性反應 | 0 | - |
Ebara 2012[136] | 3 | HT | 45 Gy/25 F | G2食管毒性1 | ? | 30 |
Giraud 2011[137] | 14 | HT伴或不伴化療 | 50~57 Gy(2~2.16 Gy/F) | G5肺炎2 | 死亡率21.4%,生存時間18.4 | 43 |
Fodor 2010[138] | 12/12 | HT+no-SIB/HT+SIB | 56 Gy/25 F、BTV 62.5 Gy | ≥G3毒性0 vs. 3 | 1年生存率43% vs. 72% | 局部無復發率15% vs. 75%,復發時間6 vs. 16 |
-:未報道;SIB:simultaneous integrated boost,同時補量照射技術 |
下載CSV
表15 HT治療口腔腫瘤的有效性與安全性
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 (T/C) |
放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Shueng 2010[139] | 口咽癌 | 10 | HT+化療 | 56~70 Gy | G3黏膜炎10% | 18個月生存率、局部控制率、無轉移率分別為67%、80%、100% |
Fortin 2011[140] | 口咽癌 | 89 | HT/sw-IMRT | 25 Gy/32 Gy 20 Gy/25 Gy | 6月G2口腔干燥16%/76%;1年G2口腔干燥0%/54% | - |
Cianciulli 2011[141] | 口腔癌 | 20 | HT | 54~66 Gy/30 F | 低于G3 | - |
Hsieh 2011[142] | 口腔癌 | 19 | HT伴或不伴化療 | - | G3黏膜炎、皮膚炎,白細胞減少率為42%、5%和5% | 2年生存率率、局部控制率、無轉移率分別為94%、92%、94% |
Cosinschi 2011[143] | 鱗狀細胞喉癌 | 7 | HT | 70 Gy /35 F | 低于G3 | - |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表16 HT治療脊柱腫瘤/轉移的有效性與安全性(觀察性研究)
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Kim 2008[144] | 脊柱腫瘤 | 8 | HT | 2 500 cGy /500 cGy | 無G2以上毒性反應 | 中位生存時間5.1個月 |
Sheehan 2009[145] | 脊柱轉移 | 40 | HT | 17.3 Gy | 殘疾得分比基線降低18 | 1年生存率73% |
Sterzing 2010[146] | 脊柱轉移 | 36 | HT | 34.8~36.3Gy | G2毒性反應1例 | 1年生存率67%,2年生存率58% |
Choi 2011[147] | 脊柱轉移 | 20 | HT | 40 Gy /8 F | - | 6月局部控制率90.3%,中位局部無復發存活期3月,疼痛緩解率93.8% |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表17 HT治療膠質細胞瘤的有效性與安全性(觀察性研究)
納入研究 | n | 干預措施 | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Kim 2011[148] | 8 | HT | 2 500 cGy | 無嚴重毒性反應 | 1年生存率50%,中位生存時間7.6個月 |
Jastaniyah 2010[149] | 25 | HT+化療 | 54.4 Gy / 20 F,60 Gy /22F | G3-4血液學毒性8% G4肺炎4% | 中位生存時間15.67個月 |
Miwa 2010[150] | 39 | HT+化療 | 40~56 Gy | 晚期毒性23% | 中位生存時間18.5個月,1年總生存率74%,2年總生存率24% |
AlHussain 2011[151] | 30 | HT+化療 | 40.5~60 Gy/15 F | 無嚴重毒性反應 | 復發中位時間7月,無復發中位生存時間7.4個月,中位生存時間13.6個月 |
下載CSV
表18 HT治療骨髓瘤的有效性與安全性
納入研究 | 疾病類型 | n | 干預措施(T/C) | 放射劑量 | 安全性 | 有效性 |
Shueng 2009[152] | 骨髓瘤 | 3 | HT+化療 | 800 cGy(200 cGy/F) | - | 低于G3 |
Somlo 2011[153] | 骨髓瘤 | 25 | HT | 1 000~1 800 cGy | 3年無惡化存活率49%,3年存活率82% | G3高血壓12%,G3肺炎4%,遠期腸炎4%,下肢靜脈血栓8% |
Chargari 2012[154] | 骨髓瘤 | 13 | HT/3D-CRT | 40 Gy /20 F | - | 早期治療毒性不超過G1,2種技術無差異 |
-:未報道 |
下載CSV
表19 HT治療腫瘤結果小結
適應癥 | 研究類型 | 研究數 | n | 毒性 | 生存率 | 證據質量 | 推薦 |
前列腺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 31 | 2?592 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
頭頸癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 15 | 1?042 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
鼻咽癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 13 | 547 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
肺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 13 | 442 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
腦部腫瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 12 | 290 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
直結腸癌 | 觀察性研究 | 12 | 259 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
宮頸癌 | 觀察性研究 | 10 | 637 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
肝癌 | 觀察性研究 | 8 | 403 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
乳腺癌 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 8 | 291 | 較低 | – | 低 | √ |
胸膜間皮瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 7 | 97 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
口腔腫瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 5 | 145 | 較低 | 高 | 低 | √ |
脊柱腫瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 4 | 104 | 低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
膠質細胞瘤 | 觀察性研究 | 4 | 102 | 低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
骨髓瘤 | 觀察性研究/CCT | 3 | 41 | 較低 | 較高 | 低 | √ |
–:未報道 |
下載CSV
表20 機房屏蔽厚度(mm)
計算方法 | 東墻 | 南墻 | 西墻 | 北墻 | 頂棚 | 地板 |
無自屏蔽 | 1?101 | 1?907 | 1?027 | 2?389 | 2?073 | 1?799 |
有自屏蔽 | 1?023 | 975 | 917 | 1?460 | 1?147 | 1?189 |
下載CSV
1. | Summary W. WHO cancer control:Knowledge into action. Available at:http://wwwwhoint/cancer.[Accessed on Oct 28 2012]. |
2. | Janssens ACJW, Ioannidis JPA, Bedrosian S, et al. Strengthening the reporting of genetic risk prediction studies (GRIPS):explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64:e1-e22. |
3. | 殷蔚伯, 谷銑之.腫瘤放射治療學.北京:中國協和醫科大學出版社. 2007:71-72. |
4. | Rizos EC, Salanti G, Kontoyiannis DP, et al. Homophily and co-occurrence patterns shape randomized trials agendas:illustration in antifungal agents. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64:830-842. |
5. | 張金葆.螺旋斷層放療系統的先進性評估分析.中國醫療設備, 2009, 24(4):136-139. |
6. | VillegasPortero JCVaR. Helical tomotherapy. Current Uses and Utility. 2008:69-73. |
7. | Centre TNHS. Helical Tomotherapy Hi-ARTTM System for external cancer radiotherapy. 2006:107-110. |
8. | AHTA. TomoTherapy HI-ART System Radiotherapy planning and treatment for cancer patients. 2009:84-87. |
9. | Boudreau RCM, Nkansah E. Tomotherapy, gamma knife, and cyberknife therapies for patients with tumours of the lung, central nervous system, or intra-abdomen:a systematic review of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. 2009:66-68. |
10. | Katchamart W, Faulkner A, Feldman B, et al. PubMed had a higher sensitivity than Ovid-MEDLINE in the search for systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64:805-807. |
11. | Teh BS, Dong L, McGary JE, et al. Rectal wall sparing by dosimetric effect of rectal balloon used during intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer. Med Dosim, 2005, 30:25-30. |
12. | Cozzarini C, Fiorino C, Di Muzio N, et al. Significant reduction of acute toxicity following pelvic irradiation with helical tomotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2007, 84:164-170. |
13. | Cheng JC, Schultheiss TE, Nguyen KH, et al. Acute toxicity in definitive versus postprostatectomy image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008, 71:351-357. |
14. | Engels B, Soete G, Tournel K, et al. Helical tomotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost for high-risk and lymph node-positive prostate cancer:early report on acute and late toxicity. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2009, 8:353-359. |
15. | Di Muzio N, Fiorino C, Cozzarini C, et al. Phase I-Ⅱ study of hypofractionated simultaneous integrated boost with tomotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74:392-398. |
16. | 尹雷明.前列腺癌三種不同放療技術劑量學研究和螺旋斷層放療前列腺癌毒副反應的臨床觀察.解放軍總醫院. 2009:6-49. |
17. | Alongi F, Cozzarini C, Fiorino C, et al. Optimal acute toxicity profile for concomitant pelvic irradiation in 153 prostate cancer patients with tomotherapy. International Institute of Anticancer Research, 2010, 77(1):153-159.. |
18. | Schwarz R, Petersen C, Janke Y, et al. IMRT with helical tomotherapy for primary treatment of prostate cancer-Preliminary toxicity and remission data. Strahlenther Onkol, 2010, 186(1):60. |
19. | Di Muzio N, Fiorino C, Cozzarini C, et al. High-dose moderately hypofractionated tomotherapy for localized prostate cancer:promising 3-year results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S349. |
20. | Pervez N, Small C, MacKenzie M, et al. Acute toxicity in high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with androgen suppression and hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76:57-64. |
21. | Drodge S, Pervez N, Ghosh S, et al. Late toxicity in high-risk prostate cancer treated with androgen suppression and hypofractionated intensity modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S353. |
22. | Cendales R, Schnitman F, Schiappacasse L, et al. Early report on acute toxicity after IMRT/IGRT with Tomotherapy in localized prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S400. |
23. | Alongi F, Cozzarini C, Fiorlno C, et al. Excellent acutetoxicity of salvage tomotherapy to prostatic bed and pelvis in 55 patients. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S420. |
24. | Ayakawa S, Shibamoto Y, Sugie C, et al. Helical tomotherapy with a 2.2-GY daily fraction and dose reduction for the rectum for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S413-S414. |
25. | Cammarota F, Toledo D, Borrelli D, et al. Exclusive radiotherapy of prostate cancer with helical tomotherapy:initial experience. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):700. |
26. | Longobardi B, Berardi G, Fiorino C, et al. Anatomical and clinical predictors of acute bowel toxicity in whole pelvis irradiation for prostate cancer with tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 101:460-464. |
27. | Le D, Drodge CS, Pervez N, et al. Acute and late toxicity in high-risk prostate cancer treated with androgen suppression and hypofractionated intensity modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S101. |
28. | Romeo A, Gunelli R, De Giorgi U, et al. Early clinical experience of helical tomotherapy for hypofractionated re-irradiation of recurrent localized prostate cancer. Anticancer Research, 2011, 31(5):1877. |
29. | Geier M, Astner ST, Duma MN, et al. Dose-escalated simultaneous integrated-boost treatment of prostate cancer patients via helical tomotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 2012, 188:410-416. |
30. | Lopez Guerra JL, Isa N, Matute R, et al. Hypofractionated helical tomotherapy using 2.5-2.6 Gy daily fractions for localized prostate cancer. Clin Transl Oncol, 2013, 15:271-277. |
31. | Tomita N, Soga N, Ogura Y, et al. Preliminary results of intensity-modulated radiation therapy with helical tomotherapy for prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2012, 138:1931-1936. |
32. | Borrelli D, Toledo D, Cammarota F, et al. Tomotherapy in postoperative patients with prostate cancer:evaluation of acute toxicity. Anticancer Research, 2011, 31 (5):1903. |
33. | Berardi G, Alongi F, Fiorino C, et al. Hypofractionated tomotherapy treatment (HTT) in prostate cancer lymph nodal relapse detected by 11C-choline PET/CT. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):677. |
34. | Garibaldi E, Bresciani S, Delmastro E, et al. Helical tomotherapy in high/very high risk and in nodal recurrences of prostate cancer:preliminary results. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 2011, 187(10):677-678. |
35. | Cozzarini C, Fiorino C, Di Muzio N, et al. Hypofractionated adjuvant radiotherapy with helical tomotherapy after radical prostatectomy:planning data and toxicity results of a Phase I-Ⅱ study. Radiother Oncol, 2008, 88:26-33. |
36. | Russo D, Papaleo A, Leone A, et al. Comparison of dosimetric results and toxicity patterns between SIB-IMRT and high-dose 3D-CRT in prostate cancer. Anticancer Research, 2011, 31(5):1915-1916. |
37. | Keiler L, Dobbins D, Kulasekere R, et al. Tomotherapy for prostate adenocarcinoma:a report on acute toxicity. Radiother Oncol, 2007, 84:171-176. |
38. | Alongi F, Fiorino C, Cozzarini C, et al. IMRT significantly reduces acute toxicity of whole-pelvis irradiation in patients treated with post-operative adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Radiother Oncol, 2009, 93:207-212. |
39. | Marques C, Sa A, Pappalardi B, et al. Hypofractionated helical tomotherapy vs. conventional IMRT in prostate cancer. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 2011, 42(3):160. |
40. | Hicks A, Mix M, Ashton S. Acute toxicity in the treatment of prostate cancer:a comparison of conventional IGRT, helical tomotherapy and calypso technology. Am J Clin Oncol-Canc, 2011, 34(2):212-213. |
41. | Pervez N, Krauze AV, Yee D, et al. Quality-of-life outcomes in high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with helical tomotherapy in a hypofractionated radiation schedule with long-term androgen suppression. Curr Oncol, 2012, 19:e201-210. |
42. | Chen AM, Jennelle RL, Sreeraman R, et al. Initial clinical experience with helical tomotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck, 2009, 31:1571-1578. |
43. | Farrag A, Voordeckers M, Tournel K, et al. Pattern of locoregional failure after tomotherapy in head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer, 2009, 7(2-3):479. |
44. | Yoo EJ, Kay CS, Kim JY, et al. Helical tomotherapy for recurrent or second primary head and neck cancer in prior irradiated territory. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S317. |
45. | Farrag A, Voordeckers M, Tournel K, et al. Pattern of failure after helical tomotherapy in head and neck cancer. Strahlenther Onkol, 2010, 186(9):511-516. |
46. | Ricchetti F, Bacigalupo A, Vagge S, et al. Is alopecia still a problem in head and neck patients treated with tomotherapy? Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S321. |
47. | Bolle S, Rothe Thomas F, Malika A, et al. Tomotherapy for head and neck cancer:clinical outcomes and patterns of failure. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 2011, 187(10):697. |
48. | Chizzali B, Thamm R, Duma M, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of quality of life of patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with helical tomotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):697. |
49. | Dell'Oca I, Fiorino C, Fodor A, et al. Simultaneous integrated boost 18FDG-PET based helical tomotherapy in radical locally advanced head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S335. |
50. | Garibaldi E, Bresciani S, Salatino A, et al. Helical tomotherapy in advanced and recurrence head and neck cancer:preliminary results. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):677. |
51. | Goy Y, Prosch C, Bajrovic A, et al. Tomotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer-does it reduce xerostomia? Radiother Oncol, 2011, 98(10):167. |
52. | Schiappacasse L, Coche B, Romero S, et al. Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) and simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy (SMART) for head & neck cancer patients using helical tomotherapy:experience of centre oscar lambret. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):687. |
53. | You SH, Kim SY, Lee CG, et al. Is there a clinical benefit to adaptive planning during tomotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer at risk for xerostomia? Am J Clin Oncol, 2012, 35:261-266. |
54. | Voordeckers M, Farrag A, Everaert H, et al. Parotid gland sparing with helical tomotherapy in head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 84:443-448. |
55. | Goy Y, Prosch C, Tennstedt P, et al. Tomotherapy in head and neck cancer:mind each gland. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):687. |
56. | Chen AM, Marsano J, Perks J, et al. Comparison of IMRT techniques in the radiotherapeutic management of head and neck cancer:is tomotherapy "better" than step-and-shoot IMRT? Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2011, 10:171-177. |
57. | 杜鐳, 馬林, 周桂霞, 等.螺旋斷層放療45例鼻咽癌近期臨床觀察.軍醫進修學院學報, 2009, 30(3):311-314. |
58. | 路娜.鼻咽癌螺旋斷層放療過程中靶區和危及器官變化及近期臨床觀察.中國人民解放軍軍醫進修學院. 2010:5-48. |
59. | Goto Y. Reirradiadion of locally recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer with intensity-modulated radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Jpn J Radiol, 2010, 55(8):1018-1024. |
60. | Kodaira L, Furutani K, Tachibana H, et al. Intensity modulated radiotherapy combined with concomitant chemotherapy using helical tomotherapy for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S320-S321. |
61. | Ma L, Du L, Feng L, et al. Short-term clinical observations of 73 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S475-S476. |
62. | Marrone I. Tomotherapy in nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses cancers. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2010, 96:S334. |
63. | Bacigalupo A, Vagge S, Bosetti D, et al. Preliminary experience with helical tomotherapy using simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) in nasopharynx cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 98:S31-S32. |
64. | Kodaira T, Tomita N, Tachibana H, et al. Aichi cancer center initial experience of intensity modulated radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer using helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 73:1129-1134. |
65. | Feng L, Hou J, Cai B, et al. Clinical observation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies followed by helical tomotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2011, 29(1):S35. |
66. | Shueng PW, Shen BJ, Wu LJ, et al. Concurrent image-guided intensity modulated radiotherapy and chemotherapy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiat Oncol, 2011, 6:95. |
67. | 杜鐳, 馬林, 馮林春, 等. 121例鼻咽癌螺旋斷層治療結果分析.中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2012, 21(2):97-100. |
68. | Goto Y, Ito J, Tomita N, et al. Re-irradiation combined with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma:Clinical advantage of intensity modulated radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2010, 78(1):S460-S561. |
69. | Chen AM, Yang CC, Marsano J, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:improvement of the therapeutic ratio with helical tomotherapy vs segmental multileaf collimator-based techniques. Br J Radiol, 2012, 85:e537-543. |
70. | Bral S, Versmessen H, Duchateau M, et al. Toxicity report of a phase I/Ⅱ dose escalation study in inoperable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer with helical tomotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer, 2009, 7(2-3):535. |
71. | Cannon D, Adkison JB, Chappell RJ, et al. Interim results of a phase I risk-stratified dose escalation study using hypofractionated helical tomotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2010, 78(1):S107-S108. |
72. | Bral S, Duchateau M, Versmessen H, et al. Toxicity and outcome results of a class solution with moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy in inoperable Stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer using helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 77:1352-1359. |
73. | Caruso C, Monaco A, Cianciulli M, et al. Stage ⅢA and ⅢB NSCLC treated with sequential chemoradiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Eur J Cancer, 2011, 47:S606. |
74. | Dell'Oca I, Cananeo GM, Pasetti M, et al. Hypofractionated 18-FDG PET based Helical Tomotherapy in locally advanced NSCLC:feasibility and toxicity profile. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S345. |
75. | Gayar HE, Nettleton J, Gayar OH, et al. Clinical outcomes of inoperable, early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with image guided stereotactic body radiation therapy delivered by helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2010, 78(1):S536. |
76. | Monaco A, Caruso C, Giammarino D, et al. Radiotherapy for inoperable non-small cell lung cancer using helical tomotherapy. Tumori, 2012, 98:86-89. |
77. | Kim JY, Kay CS, Kim YS, et al. Helical tomotherapy for simultaneous multitarget radiotherapy for pulmonary metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 75:703-710. |
78. | Parisi E, Romeo A, Ghigi G, et al. Accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy in inoperable locally advanced lung cancer using tomotherapy:our experience. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):680. |
79. | Song CH, Pyo H, Moon SH, et al. Treatment-related pneumonitis and acute esophagitis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78:651-658. |
80. | Cardinale RM, Flannery T, Tsai H, et al. Incidence and prognostic factors of radiation pneumonitis from lung cancer IMRT in a community setting. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2011, 81(1):S609-S610. |
81. | Chang CC, Chi KH, Kao SJ, et al. Upfront gefitinib/erlotinib treatment followed by concomitant radiotherapy for advanced lung cancer:a mono-institutional experience. Lung Cancer, 2011, 73:189-194. |
82. | Vogelius IS, Westerly DC, Cannon GM, et al. Hypofractionation does not increase radiation pneumonitis risk with modern conformal radiation delivery techniques. Acta Oncol, 2010, 49:1052-1057. |
83. | Schiappacasse L, Cendales R, Sallabanda K, et al. Preliminary results of helical tomotherapy in patients with complex-shaped meningiomas close to the optic pathway. Med Dosim, 2011, 36:416-422. |
84. | Combs SE, Sterzing F, Uhl M, et al. Helical tomotherapy for meningiomas of the skull base and in paraspinal regions with complex anatomy and/or multiple lesions. Tumori, 2011, 97:484-491. |
85. | Gupta T, Wadasadawala T, Master Z, et al. Encouraging early clinical outcomes with helical tomotherapy-based image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy for residual, recurrent, and/or progressive benign/low-grade intracranial tumors:a comprehensive evaluation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 82:756-764. |
86. | Toledo D, Borrelli D, Cammarota F, et al. Helical tomotherapy-based image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy for intracranial tumors:a comprehensive evaluation. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):697. |
87. | Rodrigues G, Yartsev S, Yaremko B, et al. Phase I trial of simultaneous in-field boost with helical tomotherapy for patients with one to three brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 80:1128-1133. |
88. | Sanghera P, Lightstone AW, Hyde DE, et al. Case report. Fractionated helical tomotherapy as an alternative to radiosurgery in patients unwilling to undergo additional radiosurgery for recurrent brain metastases. Br J Radiol, 2010, 83(986):e25-30. |
89. | Sterzing F, Welzel T, Sroka-Perez G, et al. Reirradiation of multiple brain metastases with helical tomotherapy:A multifocal simultaneous integrated boost for eight or more lesions. Strahlenther Onkol, 2009, 185 (2):89-93. |
90. | Tomita N, Kodaira T, Tachibana H, et al. Helical tomotherapy for brain metastases:dosimetric evaluation of treatment plans and early clinical results. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2008, 7:417-424. |
91. | Galeandro M, Ciammella P, Donini E, et al. Clinical and radiological outcomes of stereotactic radiotherapy with tomotherapy for patients with oligometastatic brain lesions. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S161-S162. |
92. | Brunet B, Bauman G, Abdulkarim B, et al. A multi-centre phase I study of tomotherapy in patients with benign primary brain tumour:prospective analysis on quality of life at one year. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2010, 96:S21. |
93. | Sugie C, Shibamoto Y, Ayakawa S, et al. Clinical experiences with helical tomotherapy for craniospinal irradiation:Evaluation of acute toxicity and dose distribution. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(3):S275-S276. |
94. | Fumagalli I, Coche-Dequeant B, Reynaert N, et al. Cerebro-spinal irradiation with Tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:X1-X11. |
95. | De Ridder M, Tournel K, Van Nieuwenhove Y, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of preoperative helical tomotherapy for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008, 70:728-734. |
96. | Ugurluer G, Ballerini G, Letenneur G, et al. Helical tomotherapy (HT) for the treatment of anal canal cancer:Preliminary clinical results, and dosimetric comparison between HT and intensity-modulated or 3D conformal radiotherapy. Eur J Cancer, 2009, 7(2):331. |
97. | Slim N, Passoni P, Fiorino C, et al. Adaptive image-guided tomotherapy concomitant to chemotherapy in rectal cancer:early clinical experience. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):683. |
98. | Passoni P, Fiorino C, Maggiulli E, et al. Early clinical experience in adaptive image-guided tomotherapy of rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 99:S391. |
99. | Engels B, Everaert H, Gevaert T, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of helical tomotherapy for oligometastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22:362-368. |
100. | Engels B, Tournel K, Everaert H, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of preoperative helical tomotherapy with a simultaneous integrated boost for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 83:142-148. |
101. | Nguyen NP, Vock J, Sroka T, et al. Feasibility of image-guided radiotherapy based on tomotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced anal carcinoma. Anticancer Res, 2011, 31:4393-4396. |
102. | Kay C, Yoo E, Lee Y, Kim Y. Clinical experience of helical tomotherapy in patients with recurrent rectal cancer after prior radiotherapy. Ann Oncol, 2010, 21:vi106-vi107. |
103. | Chen YJ, Suh S, Nelson RA, et al. Setup variations in radiotherapy of anal cancer:advantages of target volume reduction using image-guided radiation treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 84:289-295. |
104. | Loewen SK, Joseph K, Syme A, et al. Helical tomotherapy in the treatment of anal cancer:treatment planning and acute toxicity data. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2011, 81(1):S377. |
105. | Siker ML, Qi XS, Hu B, et al. Helical tomotherapy for anal cancer:initial clinical outcomes and organ motion. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2011, 29(1):201. |
106. | Engels B, Gevaert T, Everaert H, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of helical tomotherapy in the multidisciplinary treatment of oligometastatic colorectal cancer. Radiat Oncol, 2012, 7:34. |
107. | Kim YJ, Kim JY, Yoo SH, et al. High control rate for lymph nodes in cervical cancer treated with high-dose radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2013, 12(1):45-51. |
108. | Kim YJ, Kim JY, Kang S, et al. High lymph node control rate in the cervical cancer treated with high dose radiotherapy using tomotherapy. IJGC, 2011, 21(3):S326. |
109. | Marnitz S, Stromberger C, Kawgan-Kagan M, et al. Helical tomotherapy in cervical cancer patients:simultaneous integrated boost concept:technique and acute toxicity. Strahlenther Onkol, 2010, 186:572-579. |
110. | Schwarz JK, Wahab S, Grigsby PW. Prospective phase I-Ⅱ trial of helical tomotherapy with or without chemotherapy for postoperative cervical cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81:1258-1263. |
111. | Chang AJ, Richardson S, Grigsby PW, et al. Split-field helical tomotherapy with or without chemotherapy for definitive treatment of cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 82:263-269. |
112. | Marnitz S, Kohler C, Burova E, et al. Helical tomotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost after laparoscopic staging in patients with cervical cancer:analysis of feasibility and early toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 82:e137-143. |
113. | Hsieh CH, Wei MC, Lee HY, et al. Whole pelvic helical tomotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer:technical implementation of IMRT with helical tomotherapy. Radiat Oncol, 2009, 4:62. |
114. | 周桂霞, 解傳彬, 葛瑞剛, 等.宮頸癌術后螺旋斷層放療與常規調強放療急性反應分析.軍醫進修學院學報, 2011, 32(5):411-413, 422. |
115. | 趙瀟, 周桂霞, 解傳濱.宮頸癌術后螺旋斷層放療與常規調強放療近期療效分析.軍醫進修學院學報, 2012, 33(10):1039-1041. |
116. | 趙瀟, 周桂霞, 解傳濱, 等.根治性調強放療宮頸癌不同治療模式的急性反應研究.軍醫進修學院學報. 2012, 33(9):910-912. |
117. | McIntosh A, Hagspiel KD, Al-Osaimi AM, et al. Accelerated treatment using intensity-modulated radiation therapy plus concurrent capecitabine for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 2009, 115:5117-5125. |
118. | Jang JW, Kay CS, You CR, et al. Simultaneous multitarget irradiation using helical tomotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple extrahepatic metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74:412-418. |
119. | Baisden JM, Kahaleh M, Weiss GR, et al. Multimodality treatment with helical tomotherapy intensity modulated radiotherapy, capecitabine, and photodynamic therapy is feasible and well tolerated in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Gastrointest Cancer Res, 2008, 2:219-224. |
120. | Chi KH, Liao CS, Chang CC, et al. Blockade and Radiotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):188-193. |
121. | Jang H, Son S, Song J, et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for the patients with unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma using tomotherapy Hi-Art:analysis of the efficacy and toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S361. |
122. | Kay C, Kim J, Yoo E, et al. Helical tomotherapy for lung metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S584. |
123. | Ernst I, Moustakis C, Buether F, et al. 4D list mode-based PET/CT target delineation in tomotherapy of liver tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S362-S363. |
124. | Jung SM, Jang JW, You CR, et al. Role of intrahepatic tumor control in the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and extrahepatic metastases. J Hepatol, 2012, 54:S527. |
125. | Caudrelier JM, Esche B, Montgomery L, et al. Preliminary results of a prospective clinical trial evaluating intensity-modulated radiation therapy delivered by helical tomotherapy for locoregional breast radiation including the internal mammary nodes. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S28. |
126. | Cendales R, Schiappacasse L, Schnitman F, et al. Helical tomotherapy in patients with breast cancer and complex treatment volumes. Clin Transl Oncol, 2011, 13:268-274. |
127. | Franco P, Cante D, Catuzzo P, et al. Adjuvant whole breast radiation therapy delivered with static angle tomotherapy employing tomodirect:early results and toxicity. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S293-S294. |
128. | Franzetti-Pellanda A, Ballerini G, Schombourg K, et al. A new clinical approach for right breast cancer treatment:unique combination of tomodirect IMRT and helical IMRT techniques. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S292. |
129. | Uhl M, Sterzing F, Habl G, et al. Helical tomotherapy and breast cancer:skin toxicity of the first 85 breast cancer patients treated with tomotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):689. |
130. | Chira C, Jacob J, Campana F, et al. A simultaneous integrated boost technique in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer:feasibility and early toxicity results. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):699-700. |
131. | Garcia G, Marrone I, Minguez C, et al. Tomotherapy versus topotherapy in breast cancer patients:experience of grupo IMO. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):688. |
132. | Van Parijs H, Vinh-Hung V, Adriaenssens N, et al. Short course radiotherapy (RT) with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) for stage I-Ⅱ breast cancer, interim analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(8):515. |
133. | Giraud P, Sylvestre A, Zefkili S, et al. Helical tomotherapy for resected malignant pleural mesothelioma:dosimetric evaluation and toxicity. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 101:303-306. |
134. | Sylvestre A, Mahe MA, Lisbona A, et al. Mesothelioma at era of helical tomotherapy:results of two institutions in combining chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. Lung Cancer, 2011, 74:486-491. |
135. | Abbiero ND, Ciammella P, Galeandro M, et al. Local relapse of malignant pleural mesothelioma:a monoistitutional study of salvage hypofractionated radiotherapy with tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S343. |
136. | Ebara T, Kawamura H, Kaminuma T, et al. Hemithoracic intensity-modulated radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy for patients after extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Radiat Res, 2012, 53:288-294. |
137. | Giraud P, Sylvestre A, Lisbona A, et al. Value of tomotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma:first clinical results. Rev Mal Respir, 2011, 28:609-617. |
138. | Fodor A, Fiorino C, Dell'Gca I, et al. Could a PET-guided concomitant boost dose escalation help in progressive malignant pleural mesothelioma? Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S340-S1. |
139. | Shueng PW, Wu LJ, Chen SY, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with helical tomotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer:a preliminary result. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 77:715-721. |
140. | Fortin I, Fortin B, Fillion E, et al. Is helical tomotherapy a new standard for the treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma? Preliminary results of the notre-dame hospital comparing linac based intensity modulated radiotherapy to helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S498-S498. |
141. | Cianciulli M, Caruso C, Monaco A, et al. Helical tomotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced squamous cell oral carcinoma. Eur J Cancer, 2011, 47:S565. |
142. | Hsieh CH, Kuo YS, Liao LJ, et al. Image-guided intensity modulated radiotherapy with helical tomotherapy for postoperative treatment of high-risk oral cavity cancer. BMC Cancer, 2011, 11:37. |
143. | Cosinschi A, Khanfir K, Joosten A, et al. Carotid dose sparing in definitive irradiation of T1no squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma using helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S518-S519. |
144. | Kim B, Soisson ET, Duma C, et al. Image-guided helical Tomotherapy for treatment of spine tumors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2008, 110:357-362. |
145. | Sheehan JP, Shaffrey CI, Schlesinger D, et al. Radiosurgery in the treatment of spinal metastases:tumor control, survival, and quality of life after helical tomotherapy. Neurosurgery, 2009, 65:1052-1061. |
146. | Sterzing F, Hauswald H, Uhl M, et al. Spinal cord sparing reirradiation with helical tomotherapy. Cancer, 2010, 116:3961-3968. |
147. | Choi Y, Kim JW, Lee IJ, et al. Helical tomotherapy for spine oligometastases from gastrointestinal malignancies. Radiation Oncol J, 2011, 29:219-227. |
148. | Kim B, Soisson E, Duma C, et al. Treatment of recurrent high grade gliomas with hypofractionated stereotactic image-guided helical tomotherapy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2011, 113:509-512. |
149. | Astaniyah NT, Le D, Pervez N, et al. Phase I study of hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S168. |
150. | Miwa K, Matsuo M, Shinoda J, et al. Hypofractionated high-dose irradiation planned by methionine pet for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro-Oncology, 2010, 12:iii443. |
151. | AlHussain H, Malone S, Gertler S, et al. Results of a prospective trial evaluating accelerated radiation therapy using tomotherapy simultaneous integrated boost (ARTOSIB) with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S270-S271. |
152. | Shueng PW, Lin SC, Chong NS, et al. Total marrow irradiation with helical tomotherapy for bone marrow transplantation of multiple myeloma:first experience in Asia. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2009, 8:29-38. |
153. | Somlo G, Spielberger R, Frankel P, et al. Total marrow irradiation:a new ablative regimen as part of tandem autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res, 2011, 17:174-182. |
154. | Chargari C, Hijal T, Bouscary D, et al. The role of helical tomotherapy in the treatment of bone plasmacytoma. Med Dosim, 2012, 37:26-30. |
155. | Bijdekerke P, Verellen D, Tournel K, et al. TomoTherapy:implications on daily workload and scheduling patients. Radiother Oncol. 2008, 86:224-230. |
156. | Burnet NG, Adams EJ, Fairfoul J, et al. Practical aspects of implementation of helical tomotherapy for intensity-modulated and image-guided radiotherapy. Clinical Oncology, 2010, 22 (4):294-312. |
157. | 張金葆, 盧愛國.螺旋斷層放療系統的驗收與質量保證規范.醫療衛生裝備, 2010, 31(11):124-126. |
158. | 張思維, 陳萬青, 鄭榮壽, 等. 2003-2007年中國癌癥死亡分析.中國腫瘤, 2011, 21(3):171-178. |
159. | 代敏, 李霓, 李倩, 等.中國腫瘤預防控制概況.中國腫瘤, 2011, 20(12):868-873. |
- 1. Summary W. WHO cancer control:Knowledge into action. Available at:http://wwwwhoint/cancer.[Accessed on Oct 28 2012].
- 2. Janssens ACJW, Ioannidis JPA, Bedrosian S, et al. Strengthening the reporting of genetic risk prediction studies (GRIPS):explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64:e1-e22.
- 3. 殷蔚伯, 谷銑之.腫瘤放射治療學.北京:中國協和醫科大學出版社. 2007:71-72.
- 4. Rizos EC, Salanti G, Kontoyiannis DP, et al. Homophily and co-occurrence patterns shape randomized trials agendas:illustration in antifungal agents. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64:830-842.
- 5. 張金葆.螺旋斷層放療系統的先進性評估分析.中國醫療設備, 2009, 24(4):136-139.
- 6. VillegasPortero JCVaR. Helical tomotherapy. Current Uses and Utility. 2008:69-73.
- 7. Centre TNHS. Helical Tomotherapy Hi-ARTTM System for external cancer radiotherapy. 2006:107-110.
- 8. AHTA. TomoTherapy HI-ART System Radiotherapy planning and treatment for cancer patients. 2009:84-87.
- 9. Boudreau RCM, Nkansah E. Tomotherapy, gamma knife, and cyberknife therapies for patients with tumours of the lung, central nervous system, or intra-abdomen:a systematic review of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. 2009:66-68.
- 10. Katchamart W, Faulkner A, Feldman B, et al. PubMed had a higher sensitivity than Ovid-MEDLINE in the search for systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64:805-807.
- 11. Teh BS, Dong L, McGary JE, et al. Rectal wall sparing by dosimetric effect of rectal balloon used during intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer. Med Dosim, 2005, 30:25-30.
- 12. Cozzarini C, Fiorino C, Di Muzio N, et al. Significant reduction of acute toxicity following pelvic irradiation with helical tomotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2007, 84:164-170.
- 13. Cheng JC, Schultheiss TE, Nguyen KH, et al. Acute toxicity in definitive versus postprostatectomy image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008, 71:351-357.
- 14. Engels B, Soete G, Tournel K, et al. Helical tomotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost for high-risk and lymph node-positive prostate cancer:early report on acute and late toxicity. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2009, 8:353-359.
- 15. Di Muzio N, Fiorino C, Cozzarini C, et al. Phase I-Ⅱ study of hypofractionated simultaneous integrated boost with tomotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74:392-398.
- 16. 尹雷明.前列腺癌三種不同放療技術劑量學研究和螺旋斷層放療前列腺癌毒副反應的臨床觀察.解放軍總醫院. 2009:6-49.
- 17. Alongi F, Cozzarini C, Fiorino C, et al. Optimal acute toxicity profile for concomitant pelvic irradiation in 153 prostate cancer patients with tomotherapy. International Institute of Anticancer Research, 2010, 77(1):153-159..
- 18. Schwarz R, Petersen C, Janke Y, et al. IMRT with helical tomotherapy for primary treatment of prostate cancer-Preliminary toxicity and remission data. Strahlenther Onkol, 2010, 186(1):60.
- 19. Di Muzio N, Fiorino C, Cozzarini C, et al. High-dose moderately hypofractionated tomotherapy for localized prostate cancer:promising 3-year results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S349.
- 20. Pervez N, Small C, MacKenzie M, et al. Acute toxicity in high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with androgen suppression and hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76:57-64.
- 21. Drodge S, Pervez N, Ghosh S, et al. Late toxicity in high-risk prostate cancer treated with androgen suppression and hypofractionated intensity modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S353.
- 22. Cendales R, Schnitman F, Schiappacasse L, et al. Early report on acute toxicity after IMRT/IGRT with Tomotherapy in localized prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S400.
- 23. Alongi F, Cozzarini C, Fiorlno C, et al. Excellent acutetoxicity of salvage tomotherapy to prostatic bed and pelvis in 55 patients. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S420.
- 24. Ayakawa S, Shibamoto Y, Sugie C, et al. Helical tomotherapy with a 2.2-GY daily fraction and dose reduction for the rectum for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S413-S414.
- 25. Cammarota F, Toledo D, Borrelli D, et al. Exclusive radiotherapy of prostate cancer with helical tomotherapy:initial experience. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):700.
- 26. Longobardi B, Berardi G, Fiorino C, et al. Anatomical and clinical predictors of acute bowel toxicity in whole pelvis irradiation for prostate cancer with tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 101:460-464.
- 27. Le D, Drodge CS, Pervez N, et al. Acute and late toxicity in high-risk prostate cancer treated with androgen suppression and hypofractionated intensity modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S101.
- 28. Romeo A, Gunelli R, De Giorgi U, et al. Early clinical experience of helical tomotherapy for hypofractionated re-irradiation of recurrent localized prostate cancer. Anticancer Research, 2011, 31(5):1877.
- 29. Geier M, Astner ST, Duma MN, et al. Dose-escalated simultaneous integrated-boost treatment of prostate cancer patients via helical tomotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 2012, 188:410-416.
- 30. Lopez Guerra JL, Isa N, Matute R, et al. Hypofractionated helical tomotherapy using 2.5-2.6 Gy daily fractions for localized prostate cancer. Clin Transl Oncol, 2013, 15:271-277.
- 31. Tomita N, Soga N, Ogura Y, et al. Preliminary results of intensity-modulated radiation therapy with helical tomotherapy for prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2012, 138:1931-1936.
- 32. Borrelli D, Toledo D, Cammarota F, et al. Tomotherapy in postoperative patients with prostate cancer:evaluation of acute toxicity. Anticancer Research, 2011, 31 (5):1903.
- 33. Berardi G, Alongi F, Fiorino C, et al. Hypofractionated tomotherapy treatment (HTT) in prostate cancer lymph nodal relapse detected by 11C-choline PET/CT. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):677.
- 34. Garibaldi E, Bresciani S, Delmastro E, et al. Helical tomotherapy in high/very high risk and in nodal recurrences of prostate cancer:preliminary results. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 2011, 187(10):677-678.
- 35. Cozzarini C, Fiorino C, Di Muzio N, et al. Hypofractionated adjuvant radiotherapy with helical tomotherapy after radical prostatectomy:planning data and toxicity results of a Phase I-Ⅱ study. Radiother Oncol, 2008, 88:26-33.
- 36. Russo D, Papaleo A, Leone A, et al. Comparison of dosimetric results and toxicity patterns between SIB-IMRT and high-dose 3D-CRT in prostate cancer. Anticancer Research, 2011, 31(5):1915-1916.
- 37. Keiler L, Dobbins D, Kulasekere R, et al. Tomotherapy for prostate adenocarcinoma:a report on acute toxicity. Radiother Oncol, 2007, 84:171-176.
- 38. Alongi F, Fiorino C, Cozzarini C, et al. IMRT significantly reduces acute toxicity of whole-pelvis irradiation in patients treated with post-operative adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Radiother Oncol, 2009, 93:207-212.
- 39. Marques C, Sa A, Pappalardi B, et al. Hypofractionated helical tomotherapy vs. conventional IMRT in prostate cancer. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 2011, 42(3):160.
- 40. Hicks A, Mix M, Ashton S. Acute toxicity in the treatment of prostate cancer:a comparison of conventional IGRT, helical tomotherapy and calypso technology. Am J Clin Oncol-Canc, 2011, 34(2):212-213.
- 41. Pervez N, Krauze AV, Yee D, et al. Quality-of-life outcomes in high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with helical tomotherapy in a hypofractionated radiation schedule with long-term androgen suppression. Curr Oncol, 2012, 19:e201-210.
- 42. Chen AM, Jennelle RL, Sreeraman R, et al. Initial clinical experience with helical tomotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck, 2009, 31:1571-1578.
- 43. Farrag A, Voordeckers M, Tournel K, et al. Pattern of locoregional failure after tomotherapy in head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer, 2009, 7(2-3):479.
- 44. Yoo EJ, Kay CS, Kim JY, et al. Helical tomotherapy for recurrent or second primary head and neck cancer in prior irradiated territory. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S317.
- 45. Farrag A, Voordeckers M, Tournel K, et al. Pattern of failure after helical tomotherapy in head and neck cancer. Strahlenther Onkol, 2010, 186(9):511-516.
- 46. Ricchetti F, Bacigalupo A, Vagge S, et al. Is alopecia still a problem in head and neck patients treated with tomotherapy? Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S321.
- 47. Bolle S, Rothe Thomas F, Malika A, et al. Tomotherapy for head and neck cancer:clinical outcomes and patterns of failure. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 2011, 187(10):697.
- 48. Chizzali B, Thamm R, Duma M, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of quality of life of patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with helical tomotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):697.
- 49. Dell'Oca I, Fiorino C, Fodor A, et al. Simultaneous integrated boost 18FDG-PET based helical tomotherapy in radical locally advanced head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S335.
- 50. Garibaldi E, Bresciani S, Salatino A, et al. Helical tomotherapy in advanced and recurrence head and neck cancer:preliminary results. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):677.
- 51. Goy Y, Prosch C, Bajrovic A, et al. Tomotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer-does it reduce xerostomia? Radiother Oncol, 2011, 98(10):167.
- 52. Schiappacasse L, Coche B, Romero S, et al. Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) and simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy (SMART) for head & neck cancer patients using helical tomotherapy:experience of centre oscar lambret. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):687.
- 53. You SH, Kim SY, Lee CG, et al. Is there a clinical benefit to adaptive planning during tomotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer at risk for xerostomia? Am J Clin Oncol, 2012, 35:261-266.
- 54. Voordeckers M, Farrag A, Everaert H, et al. Parotid gland sparing with helical tomotherapy in head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 84:443-448.
- 55. Goy Y, Prosch C, Tennstedt P, et al. Tomotherapy in head and neck cancer:mind each gland. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):687.
- 56. Chen AM, Marsano J, Perks J, et al. Comparison of IMRT techniques in the radiotherapeutic management of head and neck cancer:is tomotherapy "better" than step-and-shoot IMRT? Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2011, 10:171-177.
- 57. 杜鐳, 馬林, 周桂霞, 等.螺旋斷層放療45例鼻咽癌近期臨床觀察.軍醫進修學院學報, 2009, 30(3):311-314.
- 58. 路娜.鼻咽癌螺旋斷層放療過程中靶區和危及器官變化及近期臨床觀察.中國人民解放軍軍醫進修學院. 2010:5-48.
- 59. Goto Y. Reirradiadion of locally recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer with intensity-modulated radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Jpn J Radiol, 2010, 55(8):1018-1024.
- 60. Kodaira L, Furutani K, Tachibana H, et al. Intensity modulated radiotherapy combined with concomitant chemotherapy using helical tomotherapy for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S320-S321.
- 61. Ma L, Du L, Feng L, et al. Short-term clinical observations of 73 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S475-S476.
- 62. Marrone I. Tomotherapy in nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses cancers. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2010, 96:S334.
- 63. Bacigalupo A, Vagge S, Bosetti D, et al. Preliminary experience with helical tomotherapy using simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) in nasopharynx cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 98:S31-S32.
- 64. Kodaira T, Tomita N, Tachibana H, et al. Aichi cancer center initial experience of intensity modulated radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer using helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 73:1129-1134.
- 65. Feng L, Hou J, Cai B, et al. Clinical observation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies followed by helical tomotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2011, 29(1):S35.
- 66. Shueng PW, Shen BJ, Wu LJ, et al. Concurrent image-guided intensity modulated radiotherapy and chemotherapy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiat Oncol, 2011, 6:95.
- 67. 杜鐳, 馬林, 馮林春, 等. 121例鼻咽癌螺旋斷層治療結果分析.中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2012, 21(2):97-100.
- 68. Goto Y, Ito J, Tomita N, et al. Re-irradiation combined with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma:Clinical advantage of intensity modulated radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2010, 78(1):S460-S561.
- 69. Chen AM, Yang CC, Marsano J, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:improvement of the therapeutic ratio with helical tomotherapy vs segmental multileaf collimator-based techniques. Br J Radiol, 2012, 85:e537-543.
- 70. Bral S, Versmessen H, Duchateau M, et al. Toxicity report of a phase I/Ⅱ dose escalation study in inoperable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer with helical tomotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer, 2009, 7(2-3):535.
- 71. Cannon D, Adkison JB, Chappell RJ, et al. Interim results of a phase I risk-stratified dose escalation study using hypofractionated helical tomotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2010, 78(1):S107-S108.
- 72. Bral S, Duchateau M, Versmessen H, et al. Toxicity and outcome results of a class solution with moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy in inoperable Stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer using helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 77:1352-1359.
- 73. Caruso C, Monaco A, Cianciulli M, et al. Stage ⅢA and ⅢB NSCLC treated with sequential chemoradiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Eur J Cancer, 2011, 47:S606.
- 74. Dell'Oca I, Cananeo GM, Pasetti M, et al. Hypofractionated 18-FDG PET based Helical Tomotherapy in locally advanced NSCLC:feasibility and toxicity profile. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S345.
- 75. Gayar HE, Nettleton J, Gayar OH, et al. Clinical outcomes of inoperable, early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with image guided stereotactic body radiation therapy delivered by helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2010, 78(1):S536.
- 76. Monaco A, Caruso C, Giammarino D, et al. Radiotherapy for inoperable non-small cell lung cancer using helical tomotherapy. Tumori, 2012, 98:86-89.
- 77. Kim JY, Kay CS, Kim YS, et al. Helical tomotherapy for simultaneous multitarget radiotherapy for pulmonary metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 75:703-710.
- 78. Parisi E, Romeo A, Ghigi G, et al. Accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy in inoperable locally advanced lung cancer using tomotherapy:our experience. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):680.
- 79. Song CH, Pyo H, Moon SH, et al. Treatment-related pneumonitis and acute esophagitis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78:651-658.
- 80. Cardinale RM, Flannery T, Tsai H, et al. Incidence and prognostic factors of radiation pneumonitis from lung cancer IMRT in a community setting. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2011, 81(1):S609-S610.
- 81. Chang CC, Chi KH, Kao SJ, et al. Upfront gefitinib/erlotinib treatment followed by concomitant radiotherapy for advanced lung cancer:a mono-institutional experience. Lung Cancer, 2011, 73:189-194.
- 82. Vogelius IS, Westerly DC, Cannon GM, et al. Hypofractionation does not increase radiation pneumonitis risk with modern conformal radiation delivery techniques. Acta Oncol, 2010, 49:1052-1057.
- 83. Schiappacasse L, Cendales R, Sallabanda K, et al. Preliminary results of helical tomotherapy in patients with complex-shaped meningiomas close to the optic pathway. Med Dosim, 2011, 36:416-422.
- 84. Combs SE, Sterzing F, Uhl M, et al. Helical tomotherapy for meningiomas of the skull base and in paraspinal regions with complex anatomy and/or multiple lesions. Tumori, 2011, 97:484-491.
- 85. Gupta T, Wadasadawala T, Master Z, et al. Encouraging early clinical outcomes with helical tomotherapy-based image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy for residual, recurrent, and/or progressive benign/low-grade intracranial tumors:a comprehensive evaluation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 82:756-764.
- 86. Toledo D, Borrelli D, Cammarota F, et al. Helical tomotherapy-based image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy for intracranial tumors:a comprehensive evaluation. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):697.
- 87. Rodrigues G, Yartsev S, Yaremko B, et al. Phase I trial of simultaneous in-field boost with helical tomotherapy for patients with one to three brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 80:1128-1133.
- 88. Sanghera P, Lightstone AW, Hyde DE, et al. Case report. Fractionated helical tomotherapy as an alternative to radiosurgery in patients unwilling to undergo additional radiosurgery for recurrent brain metastases. Br J Radiol, 2010, 83(986):e25-30.
- 89. Sterzing F, Welzel T, Sroka-Perez G, et al. Reirradiation of multiple brain metastases with helical tomotherapy:A multifocal simultaneous integrated boost for eight or more lesions. Strahlenther Onkol, 2009, 185 (2):89-93.
- 90. Tomita N, Kodaira T, Tachibana H, et al. Helical tomotherapy for brain metastases:dosimetric evaluation of treatment plans and early clinical results. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2008, 7:417-424.
- 91. Galeandro M, Ciammella P, Donini E, et al. Clinical and radiological outcomes of stereotactic radiotherapy with tomotherapy for patients with oligometastatic brain lesions. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S161-S162.
- 92. Brunet B, Bauman G, Abdulkarim B, et al. A multi-centre phase I study of tomotherapy in patients with benign primary brain tumour:prospective analysis on quality of life at one year. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2010, 96:S21.
- 93. Sugie C, Shibamoto Y, Ayakawa S, et al. Clinical experiences with helical tomotherapy for craniospinal irradiation:Evaluation of acute toxicity and dose distribution. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(3):S275-S276.
- 94. Fumagalli I, Coche-Dequeant B, Reynaert N, et al. Cerebro-spinal irradiation with Tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:X1-X11.
- 95. De Ridder M, Tournel K, Van Nieuwenhove Y, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of preoperative helical tomotherapy for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008, 70:728-734.
- 96. Ugurluer G, Ballerini G, Letenneur G, et al. Helical tomotherapy (HT) for the treatment of anal canal cancer:Preliminary clinical results, and dosimetric comparison between HT and intensity-modulated or 3D conformal radiotherapy. Eur J Cancer, 2009, 7(2):331.
- 97. Slim N, Passoni P, Fiorino C, et al. Adaptive image-guided tomotherapy concomitant to chemotherapy in rectal cancer:early clinical experience. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):683.
- 98. Passoni P, Fiorino C, Maggiulli E, et al. Early clinical experience in adaptive image-guided tomotherapy of rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 99:S391.
- 99. Engels B, Everaert H, Gevaert T, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of helical tomotherapy for oligometastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22:362-368.
- 100. Engels B, Tournel K, Everaert H, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of preoperative helical tomotherapy with a simultaneous integrated boost for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 83:142-148.
- 101. Nguyen NP, Vock J, Sroka T, et al. Feasibility of image-guided radiotherapy based on tomotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced anal carcinoma. Anticancer Res, 2011, 31:4393-4396.
- 102. Kay C, Yoo E, Lee Y, Kim Y. Clinical experience of helical tomotherapy in patients with recurrent rectal cancer after prior radiotherapy. Ann Oncol, 2010, 21:vi106-vi107.
- 103. Chen YJ, Suh S, Nelson RA, et al. Setup variations in radiotherapy of anal cancer:advantages of target volume reduction using image-guided radiation treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 84:289-295.
- 104. Loewen SK, Joseph K, Syme A, et al. Helical tomotherapy in the treatment of anal cancer:treatment planning and acute toxicity data. Int J Radiat Oncol Bilo Phys, 2011, 81(1):S377.
- 105. Siker ML, Qi XS, Hu B, et al. Helical tomotherapy for anal cancer:initial clinical outcomes and organ motion. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2011, 29(1):201.
- 106. Engels B, Gevaert T, Everaert H, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of helical tomotherapy in the multidisciplinary treatment of oligometastatic colorectal cancer. Radiat Oncol, 2012, 7:34.
- 107. Kim YJ, Kim JY, Yoo SH, et al. High control rate for lymph nodes in cervical cancer treated with high-dose radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2013, 12(1):45-51.
- 108. Kim YJ, Kim JY, Kang S, et al. High lymph node control rate in the cervical cancer treated with high dose radiotherapy using tomotherapy. IJGC, 2011, 21(3):S326.
- 109. Marnitz S, Stromberger C, Kawgan-Kagan M, et al. Helical tomotherapy in cervical cancer patients:simultaneous integrated boost concept:technique and acute toxicity. Strahlenther Onkol, 2010, 186:572-579.
- 110. Schwarz JK, Wahab S, Grigsby PW. Prospective phase I-Ⅱ trial of helical tomotherapy with or without chemotherapy for postoperative cervical cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81:1258-1263.
- 111. Chang AJ, Richardson S, Grigsby PW, et al. Split-field helical tomotherapy with or without chemotherapy for definitive treatment of cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 82:263-269.
- 112. Marnitz S, Kohler C, Burova E, et al. Helical tomotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost after laparoscopic staging in patients with cervical cancer:analysis of feasibility and early toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 82:e137-143.
- 113. Hsieh CH, Wei MC, Lee HY, et al. Whole pelvic helical tomotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer:technical implementation of IMRT with helical tomotherapy. Radiat Oncol, 2009, 4:62.
- 114. 周桂霞, 解傳彬, 葛瑞剛, 等.宮頸癌術后螺旋斷層放療與常規調強放療急性反應分析.軍醫進修學院學報, 2011, 32(5):411-413, 422.
- 115. 趙瀟, 周桂霞, 解傳濱.宮頸癌術后螺旋斷層放療與常規調強放療近期療效分析.軍醫進修學院學報, 2012, 33(10):1039-1041.
- 116. 趙瀟, 周桂霞, 解傳濱, 等.根治性調強放療宮頸癌不同治療模式的急性反應研究.軍醫進修學院學報. 2012, 33(9):910-912.
- 117. McIntosh A, Hagspiel KD, Al-Osaimi AM, et al. Accelerated treatment using intensity-modulated radiation therapy plus concurrent capecitabine for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 2009, 115:5117-5125.
- 118. Jang JW, Kay CS, You CR, et al. Simultaneous multitarget irradiation using helical tomotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple extrahepatic metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74:412-418.
- 119. Baisden JM, Kahaleh M, Weiss GR, et al. Multimodality treatment with helical tomotherapy intensity modulated radiotherapy, capecitabine, and photodynamic therapy is feasible and well tolerated in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Gastrointest Cancer Res, 2008, 2:219-224.
- 120. Chi KH, Liao CS, Chang CC, et al. Blockade and Radiotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):188-193.
- 121. Jang H, Son S, Song J, et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for the patients with unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma using tomotherapy Hi-Art:analysis of the efficacy and toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S361.
- 122. Kay C, Kim J, Yoo E, et al. Helical tomotherapy for lung metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S584.
- 123. Ernst I, Moustakis C, Buether F, et al. 4D list mode-based PET/CT target delineation in tomotherapy of liver tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S362-S363.
- 124. Jung SM, Jang JW, You CR, et al. Role of intrahepatic tumor control in the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and extrahepatic metastases. J Hepatol, 2012, 54:S527.
- 125. Caudrelier JM, Esche B, Montgomery L, et al. Preliminary results of a prospective clinical trial evaluating intensity-modulated radiation therapy delivered by helical tomotherapy for locoregional breast radiation including the internal mammary nodes. Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S28.
- 126. Cendales R, Schiappacasse L, Schnitman F, et al. Helical tomotherapy in patients with breast cancer and complex treatment volumes. Clin Transl Oncol, 2011, 13:268-274.
- 127. Franco P, Cante D, Catuzzo P, et al. Adjuvant whole breast radiation therapy delivered with static angle tomotherapy employing tomodirect:early results and toxicity. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S293-S294.
- 128. Franzetti-Pellanda A, Ballerini G, Schombourg K, et al. A new clinical approach for right breast cancer treatment:unique combination of tomodirect IMRT and helical IMRT techniques. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S292.
- 129. Uhl M, Sterzing F, Habl G, et al. Helical tomotherapy and breast cancer:skin toxicity of the first 85 breast cancer patients treated with tomotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):689.
- 130. Chira C, Jacob J, Campana F, et al. A simultaneous integrated boost technique in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer:feasibility and early toxicity results. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):699-700.
- 131. Garcia G, Marrone I, Minguez C, et al. Tomotherapy versus topotherapy in breast cancer patients:experience of grupo IMO. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(10):688.
- 132. Van Parijs H, Vinh-Hung V, Adriaenssens N, et al. Short course radiotherapy (RT) with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) for stage I-Ⅱ breast cancer, interim analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Strahlenther Onkol, 2011, 187(8):515.
- 133. Giraud P, Sylvestre A, Zefkili S, et al. Helical tomotherapy for resected malignant pleural mesothelioma:dosimetric evaluation and toxicity. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 101:303-306.
- 134. Sylvestre A, Mahe MA, Lisbona A, et al. Mesothelioma at era of helical tomotherapy:results of two institutions in combining chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. Lung Cancer, 2011, 74:486-491.
- 135. Abbiero ND, Ciammella P, Galeandro M, et al. Local relapse of malignant pleural mesothelioma:a monoistitutional study of salvage hypofractionated radiotherapy with tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 99:S343.
- 136. Ebara T, Kawamura H, Kaminuma T, et al. Hemithoracic intensity-modulated radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy for patients after extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Radiat Res, 2012, 53:288-294.
- 137. Giraud P, Sylvestre A, Lisbona A, et al. Value of tomotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma:first clinical results. Rev Mal Respir, 2011, 28:609-617.
- 138. Fodor A, Fiorino C, Dell'Gca I, et al. Could a PET-guided concomitant boost dose escalation help in progressive malignant pleural mesothelioma? Radiother Oncol, 2010, 96:S340-S1.
- 139. Shueng PW, Wu LJ, Chen SY, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with helical tomotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer:a preliminary result. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 77:715-721.
- 140. Fortin I, Fortin B, Fillion E, et al. Is helical tomotherapy a new standard for the treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma? Preliminary results of the notre-dame hospital comparing linac based intensity modulated radiotherapy to helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S498-S498.
- 141. Cianciulli M, Caruso C, Monaco A, et al. Helical tomotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced squamous cell oral carcinoma. Eur J Cancer, 2011, 47:S565.
- 142. Hsieh CH, Kuo YS, Liao LJ, et al. Image-guided intensity modulated radiotherapy with helical tomotherapy for postoperative treatment of high-risk oral cavity cancer. BMC Cancer, 2011, 11:37.
- 143. Cosinschi A, Khanfir K, Joosten A, et al. Carotid dose sparing in definitive irradiation of T1no squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma using helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S518-S519.
- 144. Kim B, Soisson ET, Duma C, et al. Image-guided helical Tomotherapy for treatment of spine tumors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2008, 110:357-362.
- 145. Sheehan JP, Shaffrey CI, Schlesinger D, et al. Radiosurgery in the treatment of spinal metastases:tumor control, survival, and quality of life after helical tomotherapy. Neurosurgery, 2009, 65:1052-1061.
- 146. Sterzing F, Hauswald H, Uhl M, et al. Spinal cord sparing reirradiation with helical tomotherapy. Cancer, 2010, 116:3961-3968.
- 147. Choi Y, Kim JW, Lee IJ, et al. Helical tomotherapy for spine oligometastases from gastrointestinal malignancies. Radiation Oncol J, 2011, 29:219-227.
- 148. Kim B, Soisson E, Duma C, et al. Treatment of recurrent high grade gliomas with hypofractionated stereotactic image-guided helical tomotherapy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2011, 113:509-512.
- 149. Astaniyah NT, Le D, Pervez N, et al. Phase I study of hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 78(1):S168.
- 150. Miwa K, Matsuo M, Shinoda J, et al. Hypofractionated high-dose irradiation planned by methionine pet for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro-Oncology, 2010, 12:iii443.
- 151. AlHussain H, Malone S, Gertler S, et al. Results of a prospective trial evaluating accelerated radiation therapy using tomotherapy simultaneous integrated boost (ARTOSIB) with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 81(1):S270-S271.
- 152. Shueng PW, Lin SC, Chong NS, et al. Total marrow irradiation with helical tomotherapy for bone marrow transplantation of multiple myeloma:first experience in Asia. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2009, 8:29-38.
- 153. Somlo G, Spielberger R, Frankel P, et al. Total marrow irradiation:a new ablative regimen as part of tandem autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res, 2011, 17:174-182.
- 154. Chargari C, Hijal T, Bouscary D, et al. The role of helical tomotherapy in the treatment of bone plasmacytoma. Med Dosim, 2012, 37:26-30.
- 155. Bijdekerke P, Verellen D, Tournel K, et al. TomoTherapy:implications on daily workload and scheduling patients. Radiother Oncol. 2008, 86:224-230.
- 156. Burnet NG, Adams EJ, Fairfoul J, et al. Practical aspects of implementation of helical tomotherapy for intensity-modulated and image-guided radiotherapy. Clinical Oncology, 2010, 22 (4):294-312.
- 157. 張金葆, 盧愛國.螺旋斷層放療系統的驗收與質量保證規范.醫療衛生裝備, 2010, 31(11):124-126.
- 158. 張思維, 陳萬青, 鄭榮壽, 等. 2003-2007年中國癌癥死亡分析.中國腫瘤, 2011, 21(3):171-178.
- 159. 代敏, 李霓, 李倩, 等.中國腫瘤預防控制概況.中國腫瘤, 2011, 20(12):868-873.