熱帶癲癇的診治現狀_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

鐘潔平 , 何時旭 , 張亞男 , 楊蓉 ,  陳蕾

四川大學華西醫院神經內科（成都 610041）;

Corresponding?author：

陳蕾, Email: leilei_25@126.com

Keywords：

熱帶癲癇; 流行病學; 病因; 診斷; 治療缺口

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201610107

Video：

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熱帶癲癇已經成為全球一項嚴重的社會公共健康問題。該文以“熱帶癲癇”為關鍵詞在 PubMed、Medline、中國期刊全文數據庫、維普數據庫查閱 1992 年—2015 年關于全球熱帶地區癲癇的流行病學、病因、診斷和治療方面的資料，并進行綜述，以增進對熱帶癲癇的了解。熱帶癲癇發病率高，病因多樣，主要為寄生蟲感染、細菌感染、病毒感染、頭外傷、圍生期損傷等。病因診斷主要依據臨床表現和腦電圖，影像學檢查也很關鍵。在熱帶地區，癲癇治療缺口存在廣泛，但其病因往往是可以預防的，注重其預防是控制發病率的關鍵。

Citation： 鐘潔平, 何時旭, 張亞男, 楊蓉, 陳蕾. 熱帶癲癇的診治現狀. West China Medical Journal, 2017, 32(6): 926-930. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201610107 Copy

1.	Mani KS, Rangan G, Srinivas HV, et al. The yelandur study: a community-based approach to epilepsy in rural South India--epidemiological aspects. Seizure, 1998, 7(4): 281-288.
2.	Sawhney IM, Singh A, Kaur P, et al. A case control study and one year follow-up of registered epilepsy cases in a resettlement colony of North India, a developing tropical country. J Neurol Sci, 1999, 165(1): 31-35.
3.	Ray BK, Bhattacharya S, Kundu TN, et al. Epidemiology of epilepsy--Indian perspective. J Indian Med Assoc, 2002, 100(5): 322-326.
4.	Rwiza HT, Kilonzo GP, Haule J, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Ulanga, a rural Tanzanian district: a community-based study. Epilepsia, 1992, 33(6): 1051-1056.
5.	Winkler AS, Kerschbaumsteiner K, Stelzhammer B, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of epilepsy:a community-based door-to-door study in northern Tanzania. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(10): 2310-2313.
6.	Tekle-Haimanot R, Forsgren L, Ekstedt J. Incidence of epilepsy in rural central Ethiopia. Epilepsia, 1997, 38(5): 541-546.
7.	Houinato D, Yemadje LP, Glitho GA, et al. Epidemiology of epilepsy in rural Benin: prevalence, incidence, mortality, and follow-up. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(4): 757-763.
8.	Mung’ala-Odera V, White S, Meehan R, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of epilepsy in older children in rural Kenya. Seizure, 2008, 17(5): 396-404.
9.	Kariuki SM, Chengo E, Ibinda F, et al. Burden, causes, and outcomes of people with epilepsy admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(4): 577-584.
10.	Lavados J, Germain L, Morales A, et al. A descriptive study of epilepsy in the district of El Salvador, Chile, 1984-1988. Acta Neurol Scand, 1992, 85(4): 249-256.
11.	Placencia M, Shorvon SD, Paredes V, et al. Epileptic seizures in an Andean region of Ecuador. Incidence and prevalence and regional variation. Brain, 1992, 115(Pt 3): 771-782.
12.	Jallon P, Smadja D, Cabre P, et al. EPIMART: prospective incidence study of epileptic seizures in newly referred patients in a French Carribean Island (Martinique). Epilepsia, 1999, 40(8): 1103-1109.
13.	Medina MT, Duron RM, Martinez L, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and etiology of epilepsies in rural Honduras: the Salama study. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(1): 124-131.
14.	Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, et al. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(5): 883-890.
15.	Gracia F, de Lao SL, Castillo L, et al. Epidemiology of epilepsy in Guaymi Indians from Bocas del Toro Province, Republic of Panama. Epilepsia, 1990, 31(6): 718-723.
16.	Fong GC, Mak W, Cheng TS, et al. A prevalence study of epilepsy in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J, 2003, 9(4): 252-257.
17.	Chen CC, Chen TF, Hwang YC, et al. Population-based survey on prevalence of adult patients with epilepsy in Taiwan (Keelung community-based integrated screening no. 12). Epilepsy Res, 2006, 72(1): 67-74.
18.	Tran DS, Odermatt P, Le TO, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy in a rural district of central Lao PDR. Neuroepidemiology, 2006, 26(4): 199-206.
19.	Asawavichienjinda T, Sitthi-Amorn C, Tanyanont W. Prevalence of epilepsy in rural Thailand: a population-based study. J Med Assoc Thai, 2002, 85(10): 1066-1073.
20.	Loh NK, Lee WL, Yew WW, et al. Refractory seizures in a young army cohort. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1997, 26(4): 471-474.
21.	Birbeck GL, Kalichi EM. Epilepsy prevalence in rural Zambia: a door-to-door survey. Trop Med Int Health, 2004, 9(1): 92-95.
22.	Nwani PO, Nwosu MC, Asomugha LA, et al. Epidemiology of active epilepsy in a suburban community in Southeast Nigeria: a door-to-door survey. Niger J Clin Pract, 2015, 18(4): 527-533.
23.	Cruz ME, Schoenberg BS, Ruales J, et al. Pilot study to detect neurologic disease in Ecuador among a population with a high prevalence of endemic goiter. Neuroepidemiology, 1985, 4(2): 108-116.
24.	Gracia FJ, Bayard V, Triana E, et al. Prevalence of neurologic diseases in Belisario Porras municipality, District of San Miguelito, Panama, 1986. Rev Med Panama, 1988, 13(1): 40-45.
25.	Mallewa M, Birbeck GL. The EEG of tropical encephalopathies. J Clin Neurophysiol, 2013, 30(5): 531-538.
26.	Odermatt P, Ngoungou E, Preux PM, et al. Parasitosis, seizures and epilepsy in tropical countries. Epilepsies, 2010, 22(2): 99-102.
27.	Giordano C, Boa FY, Kouassi B, et al. EEG and treatment with arsobal in human African trypanosomiasis. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1988, 81(3 Pt 2): 482-483.
28.	Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ. Validation of diagnostic criteria for solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma in patients presenting with seizures. Acta Neurol Scand, 1997, 96(2): 76-81.
29.	Kathuria MK, Gupta RK, Roy R, et al. Measurement of magnetization transfer in different stages of neurocysticercosis. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1998, 8(2): 473-479.
30.	Mcarthur JC, Brew BJ, Nath A. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurol, 2005, 4(9): 543-555.
31.	Misra UK, Kalita J, Syam UK, et al. Neurological manifestations of dengue virus infection. J Neurol Sci, 2006, 244(1/2): 117-122.
32.	Cam BV, Fonsmark L, Hue NB, et al. Prospective case-control study of encephalopathy in children with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2001, 65(6): 848-851.
33.	Johnson RT. Slow infections of the central nervous system caused by conventional viruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1994, 724: 6-13.
34.	Mustafa MM, Weitman SD, Winick NJ, et al. Subacute measles encephalitis in the young immunocompromised host: report of two cases diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction and treated with ribavirin and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis, 1993, 16(5): 654-660.
35.	Garg RK. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Postgrad Med J, 2002, 78(916): 63-70.
36.	Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. Vaccines. Philadelphia: WD Saunders, 2004: 4.
37.	Misra UK, Tan CT, Kalita J. Viral encephalitis and epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2008(Suppl 6): 13-18.
38.	Li S, Wang XF, Wang J, et al. Cerebrovascular and posttraumatic epilepsy. Neurology Asia, 2004, 9(Suppl 1): 12-13.
39.	Chinchure S, Kesavadas C. Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics. Neuroimaging Clin N Am, 2011, 21(4): 867-877.
40.	de Bittencourt PR, Adamolekum B, Bharucha N, et al. Epilepsy in the tropics: I. epidemiology, socioeconomic risk factors, and etiology. Epilepsia, 1996, 37(11): 1121-1127.
41.	Mbuba CK, Ngugi AK, Fegan G, et al. Risk factors associated with the epilepsy treatment gap in Kilifi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol, 2012, 11(8): 688-696.
42.	Sridharan R, Murthy BN. Prevalence and pattern of epilepsy in India. Epilepsia, 1999, 40(5): 631-636.
43.	Gourie-Devi M, Satishchandra P, Gururaj G. Epilepsy control program in India: a district model. Epilepsia, 2003, 44(1): 58-62.
44.	Bhalla D, Chea K, Hun C, et al. Population-based study of epilepsy in Cambodia associated factors, measures of impact, stigma, quality of life, knowledge-attitude-practice, and treatment gap. PLoS One, 2012, 7(10): e46296.
45.	Edwards T, Scott AG, Munyoki G, et al. Active convulsive epilepsy in a rural district of Kenya: a study of prevalence and possible risk factors. Lancet Neurol, 2008, 7(1): 50-56.
46.	Dent W, Helbok R, Matuja WB, et al. Prevalence of active epilepsy in a rural area in South Tanzania: a door-to-door survey. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(12): 1963-1969.
47.	Nwani PO, Nwosu MC, Enwereji KO, et al. Epilepsy treatment gap: prevalence and associated factors in Southeast Nigeria. Acta Neurol Scand, 2013, 128(2): 83-90.
48.	Noronha AL, Marques LH, Borges M, et al. Assessment of the epilepsy treatment gap in two cities of south-east of Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 2004, 62(3B): 761-763.
49.	Noronha AL, Borges MA, Marques LH, et al. Prevalence and pattern of epilepsy treatment in different socioeconomic classes in Brazil. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(5): 880-885.

1. Mani KS, Rangan G, Srinivas HV, et al. The yelandur study: a community-based approach to epilepsy in rural South India--epidemiological aspects. Seizure, 1998, 7(4): 281-288.
2. Sawhney IM, Singh A, Kaur P, et al. A case control study and one year follow-up of registered epilepsy cases in a resettlement colony of North India, a developing tropical country. J Neurol Sci, 1999, 165(1): 31-35.
3. Ray BK, Bhattacharya S, Kundu TN, et al. Epidemiology of epilepsy--Indian perspective. J Indian Med Assoc, 2002, 100(5): 322-326.
4. Rwiza HT, Kilonzo GP, Haule J, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Ulanga, a rural Tanzanian district: a community-based study. Epilepsia, 1992, 33(6): 1051-1056.
5. Winkler AS, Kerschbaumsteiner K, Stelzhammer B, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of epilepsy:a community-based door-to-door study in northern Tanzania. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(10): 2310-2313.
6. Tekle-Haimanot R, Forsgren L, Ekstedt J. Incidence of epilepsy in rural central Ethiopia. Epilepsia, 1997, 38(5): 541-546.
7. Houinato D, Yemadje LP, Glitho GA, et al. Epidemiology of epilepsy in rural Benin: prevalence, incidence, mortality, and follow-up. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(4): 757-763.
8. Mung’ala-Odera V, White S, Meehan R, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of epilepsy in older children in rural Kenya. Seizure, 2008, 17(5): 396-404.
9. Kariuki SM, Chengo E, Ibinda F, et al. Burden, causes, and outcomes of people with epilepsy admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(4): 577-584.
10. Lavados J, Germain L, Morales A, et al. A descriptive study of epilepsy in the district of El Salvador, Chile, 1984-1988. Acta Neurol Scand, 1992, 85(4): 249-256.
11. Placencia M, Shorvon SD, Paredes V, et al. Epileptic seizures in an Andean region of Ecuador. Incidence and prevalence and regional variation. Brain, 1992, 115(Pt 3): 771-782.
12. Jallon P, Smadja D, Cabre P, et al. EPIMART: prospective incidence study of epileptic seizures in newly referred patients in a French Carribean Island (Martinique). Epilepsia, 1999, 40(8): 1103-1109.
13. Medina MT, Duron RM, Martinez L, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and etiology of epilepsies in rural Honduras: the Salama study. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(1): 124-131.
14. Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, et al. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(5): 883-890.
15. Gracia F, de Lao SL, Castillo L, et al. Epidemiology of epilepsy in Guaymi Indians from Bocas del Toro Province, Republic of Panama. Epilepsia, 1990, 31(6): 718-723.
16. Fong GC, Mak W, Cheng TS, et al. A prevalence study of epilepsy in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J, 2003, 9(4): 252-257.
17. Chen CC, Chen TF, Hwang YC, et al. Population-based survey on prevalence of adult patients with epilepsy in Taiwan (Keelung community-based integrated screening no. 12). Epilepsy Res, 2006, 72(1): 67-74.
18. Tran DS, Odermatt P, Le TO, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy in a rural district of central Lao PDR. Neuroepidemiology, 2006, 26(4): 199-206.
19. Asawavichienjinda T, Sitthi-Amorn C, Tanyanont W. Prevalence of epilepsy in rural Thailand: a population-based study. J Med Assoc Thai, 2002, 85(10): 1066-1073.
20. Loh NK, Lee WL, Yew WW, et al. Refractory seizures in a young army cohort. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1997, 26(4): 471-474.
21. Birbeck GL, Kalichi EM. Epilepsy prevalence in rural Zambia: a door-to-door survey. Trop Med Int Health, 2004, 9(1): 92-95.
22. Nwani PO, Nwosu MC, Asomugha LA, et al. Epidemiology of active epilepsy in a suburban community in Southeast Nigeria: a door-to-door survey. Niger J Clin Pract, 2015, 18(4): 527-533.
23. Cruz ME, Schoenberg BS, Ruales J, et al. Pilot study to detect neurologic disease in Ecuador among a population with a high prevalence of endemic goiter. Neuroepidemiology, 1985, 4(2): 108-116.
24. Gracia FJ, Bayard V, Triana E, et al. Prevalence of neurologic diseases in Belisario Porras municipality, District of San Miguelito, Panama, 1986. Rev Med Panama, 1988, 13(1): 40-45.
25. Mallewa M, Birbeck GL. The EEG of tropical encephalopathies. J Clin Neurophysiol, 2013, 30(5): 531-538.
26. Odermatt P, Ngoungou E, Preux PM, et al. Parasitosis, seizures and epilepsy in tropical countries. Epilepsies, 2010, 22(2): 99-102.
27. Giordano C, Boa FY, Kouassi B, et al. EEG and treatment with arsobal in human African trypanosomiasis. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1988, 81(3 Pt 2): 482-483.
28. Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ. Validation of diagnostic criteria for solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma in patients presenting with seizures. Acta Neurol Scand, 1997, 96(2): 76-81.
29. Kathuria MK, Gupta RK, Roy R, et al. Measurement of magnetization transfer in different stages of neurocysticercosis. J Magn Reson Imaging, 1998, 8(2): 473-479.
30. Mcarthur JC, Brew BJ, Nath A. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurol, 2005, 4(9): 543-555.
31. Misra UK, Kalita J, Syam UK, et al. Neurological manifestations of dengue virus infection. J Neurol Sci, 2006, 244(1/2): 117-122.
32. Cam BV, Fonsmark L, Hue NB, et al. Prospective case-control study of encephalopathy in children with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2001, 65(6): 848-851.
33. Johnson RT. Slow infections of the central nervous system caused by conventional viruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1994, 724: 6-13.
34. Mustafa MM, Weitman SD, Winick NJ, et al. Subacute measles encephalitis in the young immunocompromised host: report of two cases diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction and treated with ribavirin and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis, 1993, 16(5): 654-660.
35. Garg RK. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Postgrad Med J, 2002, 78(916): 63-70.
36. Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. Vaccines. Philadelphia: WD Saunders, 2004: 4.
37. Misra UK, Tan CT, Kalita J. Viral encephalitis and epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2008(Suppl 6): 13-18.
38. Li S, Wang XF, Wang J, et al. Cerebrovascular and posttraumatic epilepsy. Neurology Asia, 2004, 9(Suppl 1): 12-13.
39. Chinchure S, Kesavadas C. Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics. Neuroimaging Clin N Am, 2011, 21(4): 867-877.
40. de Bittencourt PR, Adamolekum B, Bharucha N, et al. Epilepsy in the tropics: I. epidemiology, socioeconomic risk factors, and etiology. Epilepsia, 1996, 37(11): 1121-1127.
41. Mbuba CK, Ngugi AK, Fegan G, et al. Risk factors associated with the epilepsy treatment gap in Kilifi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol, 2012, 11(8): 688-696.
42. Sridharan R, Murthy BN. Prevalence and pattern of epilepsy in India. Epilepsia, 1999, 40(5): 631-636.
43. Gourie-Devi M, Satishchandra P, Gururaj G. Epilepsy control program in India: a district model. Epilepsia, 2003, 44(1): 58-62.
44. Bhalla D, Chea K, Hun C, et al. Population-based study of epilepsy in Cambodia associated factors, measures of impact, stigma, quality of life, knowledge-attitude-practice, and treatment gap. PLoS One, 2012, 7(10): e46296.
45. Edwards T, Scott AG, Munyoki G, et al. Active convulsive epilepsy in a rural district of Kenya: a study of prevalence and possible risk factors. Lancet Neurol, 2008, 7(1): 50-56.
46. Dent W, Helbok R, Matuja WB, et al. Prevalence of active epilepsy in a rural area in South Tanzania: a door-to-door survey. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(12): 1963-1969.
47. Nwani PO, Nwosu MC, Enwereji KO, et al. Epilepsy treatment gap: prevalence and associated factors in Southeast Nigeria. Acta Neurol Scand, 2013, 128(2): 83-90.
48. Noronha AL, Marques LH, Borges M, et al. Assessment of the epilepsy treatment gap in two cities of south-east of Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 2004, 62(3B): 761-763.
49. Noronha AL, Borges MA, Marques LH, et al. Prevalence and pattern of epilepsy treatment in different socioeconomic classes in Brazil. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(5): 880-885.

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熱帶癲癇的診治現狀

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