[Abstract]Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy within the digestive system, characterized by a high incidence rate and a generally poor prognosis. In recent years, accumulating evidence has indicated that the intratumoral microbiota plays a significant role in the initiation and progression of esophageal cancer. These microbial communities may originate from the migration of adjacent tissues, disruption of the mucosal barrier, or hematogenous dissemination, and they influence tumor development through various mechanisms, including direct microbial-tumor interactions, metabolic byproducts, induction of chronic inflammation, and modulation of the immune response. This article reviews the detection techniques of the bacterial flora within esophageal cancer, the differences in the bacterial flora, the mechanism of its role in the occurrence and development of the tumor, as well as the related researches on its impact on the treatment outcome.