By reviewing the current status of chronic pain and combining with the new definition of pain revised by the International Association for the Study of Pain in 2020, firstly a prevention-based approach, self-management of pain, and multidisciplinary collaboration based on the integration of bio-psycho-social-environmental factors is proposed. The medical mode will greatly improve the treatment effect of chronic pain and the quality of life of patients. Secondly, the importance of strengthening humanistic care and paying attention to health education, as well as improving medical staff’s awareness of chronic pain and the level of diagnosis and treatment are pointed out. Finally, it is clarified that innovative non-drug treatments and the establishment of digital pain management platforms are the future of chronic pain.
Objective To propose a framework for risk assessment and stepwise management of pulmonary nodules based on existing guidelines and key studies, and to clarify the boundaries for triage, workup escalation, and referral in different detection scenarios. Methods A problem-oriented evidence synthesis approach was used, prioritizing Chinese expert consensus, Fleischner Society Guidelines, British Thoracic Society (BTS) Guidelines, and Lung-RADS. This was supplemented by studies on risk models, imaging measurements, liquid biopsy, tissue sampling, and surgical treatments. This paper is not presented as a formal consensus or a validated clinical pathway. Results A three-tiered framework consisting of basic non-invasive assessment, advanced assessment, and invasive diagnosis was established. It specified the applicable populations, boundaries for the use of risk models, imaging review, management of conflicting results, evaluation of histopathological consistency, and post-intervention follow-up. Liquid biopsy, genetic testing, and artificial intelligence were defined as investigational or adjunctive tools. Conclusion This framework can serve as a preliminary reference for multidisciplinary teams in developing local protocols. It cannot replace applicable guidelines, pathological diagnosis, shared decision-making with patients, or real-world validation.