Pulmonary carcinoid (PC) is a rare low-grade malignant neuroendocrine tumor. Unlike other neuroendocrine tumors of the digestive tract, PC seldom causes hormone-related neuroendocrine symptoms, and the diagnosis mainly depends on the biopsy of the lesion. Besides, the immunohistochemical staining technique is an important supplement and a grading standard for pathological diagnosis. Surgery is the first choice for the treatment of early PC. However, the therapy of advanced PC which is the main problem perplexing most of clinicians is controversial and still facing severe challenges. Therefore, we will discuss the current progress of the diagnosis and therapy of advanced PC.
Quantitatively analyzing hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) histopathology images is an emerging field attracting increasing attentions in recent years. This paper reviews the application of computer-aided image analysis in breast cancer prognosis. The traditional prognosis based on H&E histopathology image for breast cancer is firstly sketched, followed by a detailed description of the workflow of computer-aided prognosis including image acquisition, image preprocessing, regions of interest detection and object segmentation, feature extraction, and computer-aided prognosis. In the end, major technical challenges and future directions in this field are summarized.