Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 may have systemic symptoms of varying degrees. These symptoms are related to inflammatory response, massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytokine storm. In recent years, programmed necrosis, as a controllable type of necrosis, is considered to be an important factor that mediates inflammation. Recent studies have shown that programmed necrosis is involved in the inflammatory response and pulmonary fibrosis of coronavirus disease 2019. This article mainly reviews the mechanism of programmed necrosis, its participation in the occurrence and development of coronavirus disease 2019, and the research progress of programmed necrosis inhibitors in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019, aiming to provide a certain basis for the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019.
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) presents with a fulminant clinical course, and immune imbalance serves as a core pathophysiological process throughout disease progression. Focusing on the dynamic evolution of SAP, this review elaborates the molecular mechanisms by which acinar cell injury triggers the immune cascade, delineates the functional heterogeneity of innate and adaptive immune cells, cytokine regulatory networks, and the mechanisms of distant organ injury mediated by the gut lymphatic pathway, and systematically summarizes research advances in core diagnostic immune biomarkers categorized into proinflammatory cytokines, immune cell-associated indicators, endothelial injury markers and omics-derived molecules, thereby providing theoretical evidence for severity stratification and mechanistic investigation of SAP.