Objective To identify evidence-based treatment choices for a patient with increased intracranial pressure after acute traumatic brain injury. Methods We searched The Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2006), MEDLNE (1981 to August 2006) and CBMdisc (1978 to August 2006) to identity systematic reviews (SRs), randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs) and prospective cohort studies involving the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacotherapy for increased intracranial pressure after acute traumatic brain injury. Results We found 2 SRs and 8 RCTs on pharmacotherapy, and 6 SRs and 2 RCTs on non-pharmacotherapy. Conventional-dose mannitol was no better than hypertonic saline, but was better than other intracranial pressure lowering agents. High-dose mannitol can reduce mortality and the incidence of severe disability compared with conventional-dose mannitol. There were no studies comparing high-dose mannitol and hypertonic saline. Non-pharmacotherapy was not recommended for routine use due to the lack of good quality evidence. Conclusion For patients with increased intracranial pressure after acute traumatic brain injury, mannitol is effective in reducing the mortality and the incidence of severe disability. However, more large-scale RCTs are required to compare high-dose mannitol versus other drugs. Non-pharmacotherapy is not recommended as an adjunct therapy at present.
Macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) represents the core pathological mechanism underlying vision impairment in affected patients. The 2024 edition of the Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China has systematically established a framework for standardized RVO diagnosis and management, emphasizing the importance of systemic factor assessment and whole-course disease management, while also defining the timing and protocols for retinal laser photocoagulation. In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved in the pharmacotherapy of RVO, driven by the expanding array of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, continued optimization of dosing regimens, accumulating clinical evidence for intravitreal corticosteroid implants, and advancing research on prognostic biomarkers, all of which have presented new opportunities and challenges in clinical practice. Against this backdrop, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, in collaboration with leading national experts, have formulated the Interpretation of the Chinese expert consensus on clinical intervention pathway for retinal vein occlusion (2026 supplemented edition). This interpretive article aims to systematically review and elaborate on the recommendations pertaining to the six core clinical questions addressed in this Consensus, with the goal of assisting ophthalmologists in accurately grasping the essential principles, standardizing clinical decision-making, and thereby promoting continuous improvement of the RVO pharmacotherapy quality management system in China, while safeguarding patient treatment safety and visual outcomes.