With the publication of a vast amount of clinical research on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the National Health Commission of China have all updated their diagnostic and treatment guidelines for HCC. There are no differences in the definition of HCC risk populations among the AASLD 2023, NCCN 2024, and China Liver Cancer Staging and Treatment Guideline (CNLC) 2024. Notably, CNLC 2024 has updated its guidance on high-risk factors and prospective surveillance for HCC based on the characteristics of HCC patients in China. The four guidelines have seen significant updates in the areas of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies, local treatments, and systemic treatments for HCC. CNLC 2024 refines the indications for local treatment, improves systemic treatment, and introduces new first-line therapy, including camrelizumab combined with rivoceranib or tislelizumab. The second-line therapy nivolumab plus ipilimumab for advanced HCC are recommended by AASLD 2023, NCCN 2024, and ASCO 2024, which may become a new first-line therapeutic option for patients with advanced HCC. We compare and interpret these four guidelines in this paper.
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) has updated and released the NCCN esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers clinical practice guidelines in oncology (version 3. 2022). Compared with the version 4 of the guidelines in 2021, the 3 versions in 2022 have some updates and revisions, mainly focusing on molecular marker detection, perioperative treatment, advanced immunotherapy, radiotherapy and other aspects. This article will interpret the main content of the new edition of the guidelines, in order to enhance the understanding of the guidelines and guide the clinical practice of diagnosis and treatment.
According to the latest GLOBOCAN data released in 2024, esophageal cancer ranks the 11th in global cancer incidence and represents the 7th leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In 2022, there were approximately 511000 newly diagnosed cases of esophageal cancer and 445000 deaths globally. On February 28, 2025, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) published updated clinical practice guidelines for esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers (version 1.2025). This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the major diagnostic and therapeutic updates in the guidelines compared to the version 5.2024, encompassing key domains including screening stratification protocols, perioperative treatment optimization strategies, dynamic efficacy evaluation systems, molecular subtyping-guided therapeutic approaches, and immunotherapy expansion algorithms. The findings aim to provide references for esophageal cancer treatment in China.
The management of non-small cell lung cancer is rapidly advancing toward precision and individualized care. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) has recently released the 2026 version 1, 2, and 3 updates of the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. These updated guidelines introduce significant revisions in several core areas, including the adoption of the AJCC 9th Edition TNM Staging System, optimization of recommendations for lung cancer screening and mediastinal staging, updates on perioperative immunotherapy and targeted therapy strategies, and the inclusion of emerging biomarkers such as neuregulin 1 (NRG1) fusions and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) protein overexpression. This article provides a systematic interpretation of these key updates and focuses on integrating international guidelines with clinical practice in China. Specifically, considering the high prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in the Chinese population, it analyzes the first-line positioning of osimertinib- and lazertinib-based combination regimens and evaluates the clinical value of domestic third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In response to the NCCN's cautious stance on “conversion therapy” for initially unresectable disease, the article elaborates on China’s exploratory efforts and the evolving evidence base for conversion strategies utilizing programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) inhibitors (e.g., tislelizumab, toripalimab). Furthermore, it clarifies the “dual-track” diagnostic approach distinguishing MET pathway mutations from protein overexpression. Aimed at aligning with China’s clinical context, this review seeks to offer clinicians a practical reference that synthesizes cutting-edge international perspectives with local applicability.