Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a blinding eye disease of neonates. Early screening and regular follow-up can prevent the disease from leading to serious functional impairment. Rop is classified by the World Health Organization as the prevention target of avoidable blindness in neonates. Since the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China issued "Guidelines for the treatment of oxygen and the prevention and treatment of retinopathy in prematurity" in 2004, the Ophthalmology Group of the Chinese Academy of Ophthalmology has actively promoted the screening and treatment of ROP, and updated "Guidelines for screening retinopathy of prematurity" in China in 2014. After nearly 20 years of hard work, the disease of stage 5 ROP in China has basically disappeared. In order to reasonably grasp the classification criteria of ROP and the indications of drug treatment, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organize experts in related fields to reach consensus opinions through serious, comprehensive and full discussion, and update the classification of ROP in China and the Chinese translation of new terms with reference to international standard terms. The standard of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drug treatment indication is also added to provide reference for clinicians in clinical practice.
Pathologic myopia-associated macular neovascularization (MMN) is a prevalent clinical ophthalmic condition characterized by pathological changes including lacquer cracks, choroidal neovascularization, and Fuchs spots. Recent advancements in fundus imaging technologies and diagnostic equipment have provided novel perspectives and strategies for the diagnosis, staging, treatment, and follow-up of MMN. The continuous development of various anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents has effectively preserved visual acuity in pathologic myopia-associated macular neovascularization patients. However, in the clinical practice of MMN, there are still many challenges, such as the lack of unified disease definitions and staging criteria, differences in the criteria for assessing disease activity, the absence of standardized treatment protocols, and the urgent need for optimized follow-up strategies. To address these issues, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association and Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association jointly developed the Expert consensus on standardized diagnosis and treatment of pathologic myopia-associated macular neovascularization in China based on the principles of evidence-based medicine. This consensus systematically outlines the core elements of MMN diagnosis and treatment, including disease definitions and clinical staging criteria, identification of high-risk factors, diagnostic procedures, follow-up management protocols, assessment of disease activity, selection of individualized treatment strategies, criteria for re-treatment, and long-term follow-up strategies. It provides ophthalmologists at all levels with a scientifically standardized and clinically applicable guide. The consensus particularly emphasizes the implementation of precision medicine in clinical practice, and stresses that individualized treatment decisions should be made within the framework of standardized care, taking into account the patient’s visual needs, lesion characteristics, treatment response, and socioeconomic factors.
The population of various fundus diseases in China is vast, and the number of patients is continuously increasing due to the aging population. In contrast, fundus disease awareness among the general public in China is low, and grassroots screening needs urgent improvement. At the same time, the diagnosis and treatment rate are quite low, and the treatment methods for late-stage diseases are limited, resulting in poor prognosis of visual function and high blindness rate. Chronic fundus diseases require long-term, standardized treatment and long-term follow-up, which can be burdensome for patients, leading to high missed visit rates and reduced therapeutic effects. The "14th Five-Year Plan for Eye Health (2021-2025)" clearly put forward the requirements of strengthening the construction of the fundus disease prevention and control system. We urgently need to develop a management model for chronic diseases of fundus diseases tailored to China's national conditions. This will require establishing corresponding management platforms, improving personnel allocation, and enhancing compliance in the treatment of fundus diseases, to improve treatment effectiveness and fundamentally reduce blindness rates. After China's authoritative experts in the field of fundus diseases through the organization of in-depth and comprehensive thematic discussion, and the use of the improved version of Delphi method for collective decision-making and opinion consultation, a series of consensus guidance and suggestions were finally formed. These valuable professional insights will strongly promote the establishment of an appropriate chronic fundus disease management system in China, ensure that patients with fundus disease get long-term, standardized medical services, and lay a solid foundation for improving the overall prevention and treatment of fundus diseases.
In recent years, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has become first line treatment for a variety of clinical conditions, including wet age related macular degeneration, macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion, diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. With the successive launch of new formulations such as high-dose anti-VEGF drugs and gene therapy in China, sterile intraocular inflammation (SIOI) after intraocular drug delivery has gradually come into public view and warranted attention. On the other hand, a variety of drugs that have been used in ophthalmic clinics for years, including prophylactic anti-infective drugs (such as vancomycin) and glucocorticoids (such as dexamethasone implants), have also been reported of SIOI occurrence. To avoid and alleviate the negative impact of SIOI on the visual function of the affected eyes, a systematic and standardized SIOI management system is urgently needed. For this reason, the Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Committee of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, and Expert Group of Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of sterile intraocular inflammation after intraocular drug delivery (2025) put forward recommended opinions on seven key clinical issues. Based on the latest evidence based medical evidence, combined with international guidelines/consensuses and the current situation of social and economic development in China, they made recommendations on aspects of SIOI, including the incidence and timing, clinical manifestations, related factors and population identification, perioperative monitoring measures, and intervention strategies and prognosis after the occurrence of SIOI, thus forming the Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of sterile intraocular inflammation after intraocular drug delivery (2025). The formulation of this consensus aims to enhance the awareness and understanding of SIOI among ophthalmologists specializing in retinal diseases, provide evidence-based guidance and decision-making references for the early identification and standardized management of SIOI in clinical practice, and further improve the quality control system of intraocular injection therapy in China, thereby ensuring patient safety.
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common blinding retinal vascular disease. Secondary macular edema, retinal ischemia, and neovascular complications can lead to severe visual impairment. The 2024 edition of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China systematically elaborates on the etiology, classification, and diagnostic and therapeutic workflow of RVO, emphasizes the importance of whole-course management, clarifies the application principles of laser photocoagulation, and establishes anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy as the first-line treatment. In recent years, the types of anti-VEGF drugs have continuously expanded, the administration schemes and clinical treatment experience have been continuously accumulated, and many new advancements have been made in the research on prognostic biomarkers, which have driven the drug treatment for RVO to enter a new stage of development. In view of this, it is of great clinical and practical significance to supplement the evidence and refine the strategies in the clinical intervention section of the 2024 edition of the consensus. Therefore, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, in collaboration with the expert group of Chinese expert consensus on clinical intervention pathway for retinal vein occlusion (2026 supplemented edition), after systematically reviewing the latest evidence-based medical data, referring to relevant international guidelines, and based on the current clinical practice situation in China, conducted in-depth discussions on six key clinical issues in the field of RVO drug therapy. They supplemented and updated the 2024 edition of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China, and ultimately formed this consensus. This consensus aims to provide retinal specialists and other practitioners in ophthalmology with more advanced and personalized medical standardized guidance for RVO, ensuring treatment safety and efficacy for patients.
With the deepening understanding of various retinal diseases, intravitreal injection (IVI) has gradually become a first-line treatment for multiple retinal conditions, and its clinical application has shown rapid growth. Against the backdrop of continuous advancements in new anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and corticosteroid implants, as well as the accumulation of clinical evidence, IVI faces new challenges in various aspects. These include perioperative disinfection and anesthesia, storage and handling of injection drugs, individualized dose adjustment, standardized injection procedures, prevention and management of postoperative adverse events, and comprehensive patient management throughout the treatment process. To standardize clinical practice, enhance medical quality, and ensure patient safety, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association, Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmologist Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, in collaboration with Expert Group of Chinese Expert Consensus on Quality Control for Intravitreal Injections (2026), after systematically reviewing the latest evidence-based medical data, referring to relevant international guidelines, and fully considering the current clinical practice situation in China, conducted in-depth discussions on eight key clinical issues related to IVI. This work was based on a systematic review of the latest evidence-based medical literature, international guidelines, and a thorough consideration of the current clinical practice in China. The quality control standard for intravitreal injections for fundus diseases in China (2015) has been comprehensively revised, resulting in the formulation of this quality control standard. This standard aims to provide standardized operational protocols for IVI to ophthalmologists and retinal specialists, offer evidence-based support for key clinical decisions, improve the quality management system for IVI in China, and effectively ensure patient treatment safety and efficacy.