Objective To investigate the influence of colectomy on the expressions of 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) and chromogranin A (CgA) in colon mucosa of Chinchilla rabbits. Methods Colon (7-8 cm) upon colon-rectum junction (control group) of 15 Chinchilla rabbits was cut out. After two weeks, these rabbits were executed and the samples of colon at anastomotic stoma (study group) were taken. 5-HT positive cells and CgA positive cells in two groups were detected by immunohistochemical method. Results The number of 5-HT positive cells was 10.40±2.22 in control group， and 26.27±2.35 in study group; the number of CgA positive cells was 20.60±5.34 in control group, and 51.51±6.13 in study group. There were significant differences between two groups respectively (P＜0.01). Conclusion The increase of 5-HT positive cells and CgA positive cells can be caused by colectomy.