ObjectiveTo review the latest advances in diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder carcinoma.MethodsThe recent literatures on diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder carcinoma at home and abroad were reviewed, and the diagnosis, staging and treatment progress of gallbladder carcinoma were systematically reviewed.ResultsThere are many methods to diagnose gallbladder carcinoma, among which imaging methods are commonly used, as well as various tumor markers and gallbladder carcinoma-related genes. Surgical resection is still the only possible cure for gallbladder carcinoma, but the scope and timing of surgical resection are still controversial. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and gene therapy also play an important role in the treatment of gallbladder carcinoma.ConclusionsImaging examination is still the first choice for the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. The tumor markers and gene diagnosis has broad prospects. Gallbladder carcinoma is mainly treated by surgery. Gene intervention and precise targeted therapy are the future development direction.
目的 探討腹腔鏡結腸癌根治術的臨床效果。方法 應用腹腔鏡外科技術對25例結腸癌患者實施腹腔鏡結腸癌根治術。結果 本組25例手術時間110～310 min，平均195 min； 術中出血量約100～350 ml，平均約180 ml； 術后胃腸功能恢復時間1～4 d，平均 1.7 d。所有標本殘端無腫瘤細胞殘留、浸潤。所有病例術后未出現出血、吻合口漏和狹窄并發癥，僅有2例出現傷口感染。術后住院6～10 d，平均7.5 d； 術后19例隨訪2～38個月，平均13個月，其中2例于手術后第12個月和14個月因腫瘤廣泛轉移、衰竭而死亡； 余17例隨訪期間均未發現有轉移復發及切口種植。結論 腹腔鏡結腸癌根治術具有微創、安全、術后恢復快、腫瘤根治徹底等優點，值得臨床推廣應用。
The surgical management of empyema (excluding those caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria) is rapidly evolving towards minimally invasive, precise, and stepwise approaches. The traditional three-stage classification (exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing) has limitations in guiding dynamic clinical decision-making. For the first time, this consensus explicitly identifies two critical junctures in the pathological progression of empyema: "early transformation" (stage Ⅰ to Ⅱ) and "late transformation" (stage Ⅱ to Ⅲ), and thereby constructs a corresponding "identification-early warning-intervention" stepwise therapeutic framework. The consensus emphasizes that proactive debridement via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery should be performed during the early transformation phase to halt disease progression. Conversely, during the late transformation phase, therapeutic goals should be rationally adjusted to prioritize adequate drainage, avoiding futile pleural decortication. Moreover, the consensus underscores the pivotal role of precise perioperative etiological diagnosis [e.g metagenomic nest-generation sequencing (mNGS)] and standardized anti-infective therapy. Integrating practical experiences from multiple thoracic surgery centers in China and relevant evidence-based literature, this consensus formulates recommendations on the precise definitions of staging, surgical indications for each phase, key technical points, perioperative management, and training systems. It aims to promote the standardized and individualized surgical management of empyema, ultimately optimizing patient prognosis.