- 執筆（按作者姓氏拼音排序，排名不分前后）季濤云、姜玉武（北京大學第一醫院），蔣莉（重慶醫科大學附屬兒童醫院），梁樹立（首都醫科大學附屬北京兒童醫院），錢若兵（安徽省立醫院），邵曉秋（首都醫科大學附屬北京天壇醫院），王藝（復旦大學附屬兒科醫院），尹飛（中南大學湘雅醫院），張玉琴（天津市兒童醫院），趙國光（首都醫科大學宣武醫院），周東（四川大學華西醫院），朱丹（廣東三九腦科醫院），朱遂強（華中科技大學同濟醫學院附屬同濟醫院），鄒麗萍（中國人民解放軍總醫院第一醫學中心）;
中國抗癲癇協會創新與轉化專委會,
Email: jiangyuwu@bjmu.edu.cn
Citation： 中國抗癲癇協會創新與轉化專委會. Lennox-Gastaut綜合征診斷治療的中國專家共識. Journal of Epilepsy, 2022, 8(3): 187-195. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.202202001 Copy
Copyright ? the editorial department of Journal of Epilepsy of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Strzelczyk A, Schubert-Bast S. Expanding the treatment landscape for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: current and Future Strategies. CNS Drugs, 2021, 35(1): 61-83. |
| 2. | 中國抗癲癇協會. 臨床診療指南(癲癇病分冊). 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 2015: 21-23, 26, 47, 63, 77-78. |
| 3. | Ostendorf AP, Ng YT. Treatment-resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: therapeutic trends, challenges and future directions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017, 13: 1131-1140. |
| 4. | Cross JH, Auvin S, Falip M, et al. Expert opinion on the management of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: treatmentalgorithms and practical considerations. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 505. |
| 5. | European Commission. Rare Disease Registries in Europe. September 2020. https://www.orpha.net/orphacom/cahiers/docs/GB/Registries.pdf. |
| 6. | National Organization for Rare Disorders. Rare Disease Database.https://rarediseases.org/?s=L&post_type=rare-diseases. |
| 7. | Montouris G, Aboumatar S, Burdette D, et al. Expert opinion: proposed diagnostic and treatment algorithms for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult patients. Epilepsy Behav, 2020, 110: 107146. |
| 8. | Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment-resistant epilepsy: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology, 2018, 91(2): 82-90. |
| 9. | Asadi-Pooya AA. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a comprehensive review. Neurol Sci, 2018, 39(3): 403-414. |
| 10. | Arzimanoglou A, French J, Blume WT, et al. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a consensus approach on diagnosis, assessment, management, and trial methodology. Lancet Neurol, 2009, 8(1): 82-93. |
| 11. | Chtydodyomos P. Panayiotopoulos著. 任連坤 譯. 癲癇發作和綜合征的診斷與治療. 中國協和醫科大學出版社, 2008: 149. |
| 12. | Gibson PA. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: impact on the caregivers and families of patients. J Multidiscip Healthc, 2014, 7: 441-448. |
| 13. | Markand ON. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy). J Clin Neurophysiol, 2003, 20(6): 426-441. |
| 14. | Arzimanoglou A, Resnick T. All children who experience epileptic falls do not necessarily have Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. . . but many do. Epileptic Disord, 2011, 13 Suppl 1: S3-13. |
| 15. | Douglass LM, Salpekar J. Surgical options for patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(Suppl 4): 21-28. |
| 16. | Hancock EC, Cross JH. Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, 2013(2): CD003277. |
| 17. | Tomson T, Battino D, Perucca E. Valproic acid after five decades of use in epilepsy: time to reconsider the indications of a time-honoured drug. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(2): 210-218. |
| 18. | Michoulas A, Farrell K. Medical management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. CNS Drugs, 2010, 24(5): 363-374. |
| 19. | Covanis A, Gupta AK, Jeavons PM. Sodium valproate: monotherapy and polytherapy. Epilepsia, 1982, 23(6): 693-720. |
| 20. | NICE. Epilepsies: diagnosis and management. 2021. |
| 21. | SIGN. Epilepsies in children and young people: investigative procedures and management. May 2021. |
| 22. | Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1997, 337(25): 1807-1812. |
| 23. | Eriksson AS, Nerg?rdh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia, 1998, 39(5): 495-501. |
| 24. | Egunsola O, Choonara I, Sammons HM. Safety of lamotrigine in paediatrics: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(6): e007711. |
| 25. | Glauser T, Kluger G, Sachdeo R, et al. Rufinamide for generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology, 2008, 70(21): 1950-1958. |
| 26. | Ohtsuka Y, Yoshinaga H, Shirasaka Y, et al. Rufinamide as an adjunctive therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in Japan. Epilepsy Res, 2014, 108(9): 1627-1636. |
| 27. | Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology, 1999, 52(9): 1882-1887. |
| 28. | Glauser TA, Levisohn PM, Ritter F, et al. Topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: open-label treatment of patients completing a randomized controlled trial. Topiramate YL Study Group. Epilepsia, 2000, 41(S1): 86-90. |
| 29. | 王藝, 孫道開, 陳天蘭, 等. 托吡酯治療Lennox-Gastaut綜合征47例臨床分析. 臨床神經電生理學雜志, 2001, 10(4): 224-225. |
| 30. | 邱鵬玲, 周水珍, 孫道開. 托吡酯單藥治療40例小兒癲癇療效分析. 臨床神經電生理學雜志, 2001, 10(4): 203-205. |
| 31. | 孫道開, 王藝, 陳天蘭, 等. 托吡酯治療小兒癲癇66例臨床分析. 中國實用兒科雜志, 2001, 16(6): 356-358. |
| 32. | Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on drop seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(20): 1888-1897. |
| 33. | Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2018, 391(10125): 1085-1096. |
| 34. | Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med, 1993, 328(1): 29-33. |
| 35. | Ng YT, Conry JA, Drummond R, et al. Randomized, phase III study results of clobazam in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology, 2011, 77: 1473-1481. |
| 36. | Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kang HC, et al. Adjunctive levetiracetam treatment in pediatric Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatr Neurol, 2014, 51(4): 527-531. |
| 37. | You SJ, Kang HC, Kim HD, et al. Clinical efficacy of zonisamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Korean multicentric experience. Brain Dev, 2008, 30(4): 287-290. |
| 38. | Auvin S, Dozieres B, Ilea A, et al. Use of perampanel in children and adolescents with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 74: 59-63. |
| 39. | Biró A, Stephani U, Tarallo T, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of perampanel in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsies: first experiences. Neuropediatrics, 2015, 46(2): 110-116. |
| 40. | Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, et al. Therapeutic effects of the ketogenic diet in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsy Res, 2016, 128: 176-180. |
| 41. | Caraballo RH, Fortini S, Fresler S, et al. Ketogenic diet in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Seizure, 2014, 23(9): 751-755. |
| 42. | Lemmon ME, Terao NN, Ng YT, et al. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a retrospective review of one institution's experience and summary of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2012, 54(5): 464-468. |
| 43. | Archer JS, Warren AE, Stagnitti MR, et al. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and phenotype: secondary network epilepsies. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(8): 1245-1254. |
| 44. | Kang JW, Eom S, Hong W, et al. Long-term Outcome of Resective Epilepsy Surgery in Patients With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Pediatrics, 2018, 142(4): e20180449. |
| 45. | 安寧, 劉仕勇, 楊梅華, 等. Lennox-Gastaut綜合征的外科治療初探. 中華神經外科疾病研究雜志, 2007, 6(4): 352-355. |
| 46. | 丁平, 于曉曼, 張軍臣, 等. 切除性手術治療學齡兒童病灶性Lennox-Gastaut 綜合征. 臨床神經外科雜志, 2015, 12(3): 181-184,188. |
| 47. | Lee YJ, Kang HC, Lee JS, et al. Resective pediatric epilepsy surgery in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatrics, 2010, 125(1): e58-66. |
| 48. | Tao JX, Satzer D, Issa NP, et al. Stereotactic laser anterior corpus callosotomy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia, 2020, 61(6): 1190-1200. |
| 49. | Liang S, Zhang S, Hu X, et al. Anterior corpus callosotomy in school-aged children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a prospective study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2014, 18(6): 670-676. |
| 50. | Sharawat IK, Panda PK, Sihag RK, et al. Efficacy and safety of corpus callosotomy and ketogenic diet in children with Lennox Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Childs Nerv Syst, 2021, 37(8): 2557-2566. |
| 51. | Dibué M, Greco T, Spoor JKH, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand, 2021, 143(5): 497-508. |
- 1. Strzelczyk A, Schubert-Bast S. Expanding the treatment landscape for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: current and Future Strategies. CNS Drugs, 2021, 35(1): 61-83.
- 2. 中國抗癲癇協會. 臨床診療指南(癲癇病分冊). 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 2015: 21-23, 26, 47, 63, 77-78.
- 3. Ostendorf AP, Ng YT. Treatment-resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: therapeutic trends, challenges and future directions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017, 13: 1131-1140.
- 4. Cross JH, Auvin S, Falip M, et al. Expert opinion on the management of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: treatmentalgorithms and practical considerations. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 505.
- 5. European Commission. Rare Disease Registries in Europe. September 2020. https://www.orpha.net/orphacom/cahiers/docs/GB/Registries.pdf.
- 6. National Organization for Rare Disorders. Rare Disease Database.https://rarediseases.org/?s=L&post_type=rare-diseases.
- 7. Montouris G, Aboumatar S, Burdette D, et al. Expert opinion: proposed diagnostic and treatment algorithms for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult patients. Epilepsy Behav, 2020, 110: 107146.
- 8. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment-resistant epilepsy: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology, 2018, 91(2): 82-90.
- 9. Asadi-Pooya AA. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a comprehensive review. Neurol Sci, 2018, 39(3): 403-414.
- 10. Arzimanoglou A, French J, Blume WT, et al. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a consensus approach on diagnosis, assessment, management, and trial methodology. Lancet Neurol, 2009, 8(1): 82-93.
- 11. Chtydodyomos P. Panayiotopoulos著. 任連坤 譯. 癲癇發作和綜合征的診斷與治療. 中國協和醫科大學出版社, 2008: 149.
- 12. Gibson PA. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: impact on the caregivers and families of patients. J Multidiscip Healthc, 2014, 7: 441-448.
- 13. Markand ON. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy). J Clin Neurophysiol, 2003, 20(6): 426-441.
- 14. Arzimanoglou A, Resnick T. All children who experience epileptic falls do not necessarily have Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. . . but many do. Epileptic Disord, 2011, 13 Suppl 1: S3-13.
- 15. Douglass LM, Salpekar J. Surgical options for patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(Suppl 4): 21-28.
- 16. Hancock EC, Cross JH. Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, 2013(2): CD003277.
- 17. Tomson T, Battino D, Perucca E. Valproic acid after five decades of use in epilepsy: time to reconsider the indications of a time-honoured drug. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(2): 210-218.
- 18. Michoulas A, Farrell K. Medical management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. CNS Drugs, 2010, 24(5): 363-374.
- 19. Covanis A, Gupta AK, Jeavons PM. Sodium valproate: monotherapy and polytherapy. Epilepsia, 1982, 23(6): 693-720.
- 20. NICE. Epilepsies: diagnosis and management. 2021.
- 21. SIGN. Epilepsies in children and young people: investigative procedures and management. May 2021.
- 22. Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1997, 337(25): 1807-1812.
- 23. Eriksson AS, Nerg?rdh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia, 1998, 39(5): 495-501.
- 24. Egunsola O, Choonara I, Sammons HM. Safety of lamotrigine in paediatrics: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(6): e007711.
- 25. Glauser T, Kluger G, Sachdeo R, et al. Rufinamide for generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology, 2008, 70(21): 1950-1958.
- 26. Ohtsuka Y, Yoshinaga H, Shirasaka Y, et al. Rufinamide as an adjunctive therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in Japan. Epilepsy Res, 2014, 108(9): 1627-1636.
- 27. Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology, 1999, 52(9): 1882-1887.
- 28. Glauser TA, Levisohn PM, Ritter F, et al. Topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: open-label treatment of patients completing a randomized controlled trial. Topiramate YL Study Group. Epilepsia, 2000, 41(S1): 86-90.
- 29. 王藝, 孫道開, 陳天蘭, 等. 托吡酯治療Lennox-Gastaut綜合征47例臨床分析. 臨床神經電生理學雜志, 2001, 10(4): 224-225.
- 30. 邱鵬玲, 周水珍, 孫道開. 托吡酯單藥治療40例小兒癲癇療效分析. 臨床神經電生理學雜志, 2001, 10(4): 203-205.
- 31. 孫道開, 王藝, 陳天蘭, 等. 托吡酯治療小兒癲癇66例臨床分析. 中國實用兒科雜志, 2001, 16(6): 356-358.
- 32. Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on drop seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(20): 1888-1897.
- 33. Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2018, 391(10125): 1085-1096.
- 34. Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med, 1993, 328(1): 29-33.
- 35. Ng YT, Conry JA, Drummond R, et al. Randomized, phase III study results of clobazam in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology, 2011, 77: 1473-1481.
- 36. Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kang HC, et al. Adjunctive levetiracetam treatment in pediatric Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatr Neurol, 2014, 51(4): 527-531.
- 37. You SJ, Kang HC, Kim HD, et al. Clinical efficacy of zonisamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Korean multicentric experience. Brain Dev, 2008, 30(4): 287-290.
- 38. Auvin S, Dozieres B, Ilea A, et al. Use of perampanel in children and adolescents with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 74: 59-63.
- 39. Biró A, Stephani U, Tarallo T, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of perampanel in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsies: first experiences. Neuropediatrics, 2015, 46(2): 110-116.
- 40. Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, et al. Therapeutic effects of the ketogenic diet in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsy Res, 2016, 128: 176-180.
- 41. Caraballo RH, Fortini S, Fresler S, et al. Ketogenic diet in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Seizure, 2014, 23(9): 751-755.
- 42. Lemmon ME, Terao NN, Ng YT, et al. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a retrospective review of one institution's experience and summary of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2012, 54(5): 464-468.
- 43. Archer JS, Warren AE, Stagnitti MR, et al. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and phenotype: secondary network epilepsies. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(8): 1245-1254.
- 44. Kang JW, Eom S, Hong W, et al. Long-term Outcome of Resective Epilepsy Surgery in Patients With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Pediatrics, 2018, 142(4): e20180449.
- 45. 安寧, 劉仕勇, 楊梅華, 等. Lennox-Gastaut綜合征的外科治療初探. 中華神經外科疾病研究雜志, 2007, 6(4): 352-355.
- 46. 丁平, 于曉曼, 張軍臣, 等. 切除性手術治療學齡兒童病灶性Lennox-Gastaut 綜合征. 臨床神經外科雜志, 2015, 12(3): 181-184,188.
- 47. Lee YJ, Kang HC, Lee JS, et al. Resective pediatric epilepsy surgery in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatrics, 2010, 125(1): e58-66.
- 48. Tao JX, Satzer D, Issa NP, et al. Stereotactic laser anterior corpus callosotomy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia, 2020, 61(6): 1190-1200.
- 49. Liang S, Zhang S, Hu X, et al. Anterior corpus callosotomy in school-aged children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a prospective study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2014, 18(6): 670-676.
- 50. Sharawat IK, Panda PK, Sihag RK, et al. Efficacy and safety of corpus callosotomy and ketogenic diet in children with Lennox Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Childs Nerv Syst, 2021, 37(8): 2557-2566.
- 51. Dibué M, Greco T, Spoor JKH, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand, 2021, 143(5): 497-508.
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