Guidelines for integrated Chinese and Western medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious cystitis: a protocol_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

ZHOU Yanyan ¹ , DING Jiasen ¹ ,  GAO Zhan ¹ , GAO Wenxi ² , GUO Fan ² , ZHONG Liang ³ , PANG Ran ⁴ , on behalf of the Project Team for the Guidelines on Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Cystitis, Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China

1. Xiyuan Hospital of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, P. R. China;
2. Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430060, P. R. China;
3. Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528403, P. R. China;
4. Guang’anmen Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

GAO Zhan, Email: gaozhanmd@vip.163.com

Keywords：

Infectious cystitis; Guideline; Diagnosis; Treatment; Chinese and Western medicine; Protocol

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.202510159

Video：

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Infectious cystitis is an inflammatory disease of the bladder wall caused by pathogenic microorganisms invading the urinary tract and is one of the most common types of urinary tract infections in clinical practice. At present, China lacks evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the integrated diagnosis and treatment of infectious cystitis with Chinese and Western medicine. Consequently, significant variations exist in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies across medical institutions, and the recurrence rate remains relatively high. To further standardize clinical decision-making for patients with infectious cystitis and to promote the translation of the latest clinical research evidence into practice, the working group has initiated the development of the Guidelines on Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Cystitis. The guideline development will be conducted in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) handbook for guideline development, following the standards and requirements of the GRADE system and the Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT). It will also incorporate national health policies, classical medical texts, existing guidelines or consensuses, and the distinctive characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment. This proposal systematically outlines the background and significance of the guideline, the composition of the working group, the construction of clinical questions and the identification of outcome indicators, the methodology of evidence collection and systematic evaluation, the formation of recommendations and the consensus process, etc., to provide a methodological basis and technical guidance for the scientific development and standardized release of subsequent guidelines.

Citation： ZHOU Yanyan, DING Jiasen, GAO Zhan, GAO Wenxi, GUO Fan, ZHONG Liang, PANG Ran, on behalf of the Project Team for the Guidelines on Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Cystitis, Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China. Guidelines for integrated Chinese and Western medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious cystitis: a protocol. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2026, 26(3): 271-276. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.202510159 Copy

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2.	Lala V, Leslie SW, Minter DA. Acute cystitis. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing, 2023.
3.	Arnold JJ , Hehn LE , Klein DA. Common questions about recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Am Fam Physician, 2016, 93(7): 560-569.
4.	Li R, Leslie SW. Cystitis. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing, 2023.
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13.	Liu SW, Guo J, Wu WK, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infection with Chinese medicine formula: a randomized controlled trial. Chin J Integr Med, 2019, 25(1): 16-22.
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29.	Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(4): 401-406.
30.	朱迪, 李昊東, 王子君, 等. STAR指南術語體系(二): 臨床問題確定、證據檢索與評價、推薦意見形成. 協和醫學雜志, 2025, 16(3): 756-764.
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32.	陳耀龍, 楊克虎, 王小欽, 等. 中國制訂/修訂臨床診療指南的指導原則(2022版). 中華醫學雜志, 2022, 102(10): 697-703.
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1. Bonkat G, Kranz J, Cai T, et al. EAU guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Guidelines, 2025.
2. Lala V, Leslie SW, Minter DA. Acute cystitis. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing, 2023.
3. Arnold JJ , Hehn LE , Klein DA. Common questions about recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Am Fam Physician, 2016, 93(7): 560-569.
4. Li R, Leslie SW. Cystitis. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing, 2023.
5. Foxman B, Gillespie B, Koopman J, et al. Risk factors for second urinary tract infection among college women. Am J Epidemiol, 2000, 151(12): 1194-1205.
6. Jackson SL, Boyko EJ, Scholes D, et al. Predictors of urinary tract infection after menopause: a prospective study. Am J Med, 2004, 117(12): 903-911.
7. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet, 399(10325): 629-655.
8. Anger JT, Bixler BR, Holmes RS, et al. Updates to recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: AUA/CUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol, 2022, 208(3): 536-541.
9. 劉峘, 謝雁鳴, 陳耀龍, 等. 《中醫藥單用/聯用抗生素治療常見感染性疾病臨床實踐指南·單純性下尿路感染》的研制. 中國中醫基礎醫學雜志, 2019, 25(10): 1383-1386.
10. 楊宇峰, 侯澤東, 胡長軍, 等. 歷代醫家論淋證學術思想淺析. 遼寧中醫雜志, 2015, 42(2): 287-288.
11. 李昭融, 呂瑩, 張妍琪. 八正散聯合左氧氟沙星治療女性下尿路感染患者臨床療效. 西部醫學, 2024, 36(9): 1365-1370.
12. 崔鑫, 呂健, 鄧躍毅, 等. 三金片治療下焦濕熱證急性單純性下尿路感染的隨機對照雙盲多中心臨床研究. 中華中醫藥雜志, 2022, 37(5): 2681-2686.
13. Liu SW, Guo J, Wu WK, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infection with Chinese medicine formula: a randomized controlled trial. Chin J Integr Med, 2019, 25(1): 16-22.
14. Graham R, Mancher M, Wolman DM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines we can trust. Washington DC: National Academies Press (US), 2011: 4-5.
15. World Health Organization. WHO handbook for guideline development, 2nd Edition. 2014.
16. Brouwers MC, Kerkvliet K, Spithoff K, et al. The AGREE reporting checklist: a tool to improve reporting of clinical practice guidelines. BMJ, 2016, 352: i1152.
17. Chen Y, Yang K, Maru?ic A, et al. A reporting tool for practice guidelines in health care: the RIGHT statement. Ann Intern Med, 2017, 166(2): 128-132.
18. World Health Organization. Declaration of interests for WHO experts. 2014.
19. WHO. WHO handbook for guideline development. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.
20. 張穎, 季聰華, 李秋爽, 等. 中醫臨床實踐指南制修訂中德爾菲法的統計分析方法. 中華中醫藥雜志, 2018, 33(1): 249-251.
21. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ, 2017, 358: j4008.
22. Wells GA, Shea B, O'connelld D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non-randomised studies in meta analyses. 2021.
23. 國家衛生健康委員會. 國家基本藥物目錄(2018年版). 2018.
24. 國家醫療保障局. 國家基本醫療保險、工傷保險和生育保險藥品目錄(2020年版). 2021.
25. 國家藥典委員會. 中華人民共和國藥典: 一部. 北京: 中國醫藥科技出版社, 2020: 443-1902.
26. 裘沛然. 中華醫典. 長沙: 湖南電子音像出版社, 2014.
27. 中華中醫藥學會. 關于對中華中醫藥學會《中醫藥整體證據研究的標準化操作規程》擬發布團體標準項目公示的通知. 2020.
28. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650): 924-926.
29. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(4): 401-406.
30. 朱迪, 李昊東, 王子君, 等. STAR指南術語體系(二): 臨床問題確定、證據檢索與評價、推薦意見形成. 協和醫學雜志, 2025, 16(3): 756-764.
31. Xie YL, Han F, Jin YH, et al. Organic integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicines-future of clinical practice guidelines of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicines. Chin J Integr Med, 2024, 30(4): 359-365.
32. 陳耀龍, 楊克虎, 王小欽, 等. 中國制訂/修訂臨床診療指南的指導原則(2022版). 中華醫學雜志, 2022, 102(10): 697-703.
33. Rosenbaum SE, Moberg J, Glenton C, et al. Developing evidence to decision frameworks and an interactive evidence to decision tool for making and using decisions and recommendations in health care. Glob Chall, 2018, 2(9): 1700081.
34. Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Dellinger P, et al. Use of GRADE grid to reach decisions on clinical practice guidelines when consensus is elusive. BMJ, 2008, 337: a744.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Guidelines for integrated Chinese and Western medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious cystitis: a protocol

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