全球藥物干預治療高血壓合并其他疾病指南的系統評價_《中國循證醫學雜志》

作者：

陳尹 ^1,2 , 胡世蓮 ² ,  李幼平 ¹ , 沈干 ³ , 燕伯希 ⁴ , 王莉 ¹

1. 四川大學華西醫院中國循證醫學中心（成都 610041）；2. 安徽省立醫院安徽省循證醫學中心（合肥 230001）；3. 中共安徽省委機關醫院（合肥 230001）；4 四川大學華西口腔醫學院（成都 610041）;

關鍵詞：

高血壓合并其他疾病冠心病卒中糖尿病腎病藥物干預指南系統評價

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20120225

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目的　系統評價藥物干預高血壓合并不同疾病指南。
方法　計算機檢索MEDLINE、EMbase、CBM、WanFang Data、NGC（national guideline clearinghouse）、GIN（guideline international netword）、NICE（national institute for health and clinical excellence）及中國臨床指南協作網（CPGN）等中、英文數據庫和指南網站，納入藥物干預高血壓合并其他疾病的臨床指南，采用指南評價工具（appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation， AGREE）評價指南的方法學質量，通過同類比較，分析不同地區和質量疾病的指南對藥物推薦的異同及特點。
結果　共納入21篇藥物干預高血壓合并其他疾病的指南。其中高血壓合并冠心病、卒中、糖尿病及腎病的指南分別有5、5、7及4篇，發布于2000～2011年。其中A級指南0篇，B級19篇，C級2篇和循證指南9篇。4類指南均在“制定指南的參與人員”及“適用性”2個領域的平均得分欠佳。循證指南中的證據級別和推薦強度級數的分類方法各有4和3種，表達形式各有10和6種。對高血壓伴心絞痛患者，指南一致推薦β受體阻滯劑（β-blocker， BB）和CCB；對高血壓伴心梗患者，指南一致推薦ACEI和BB；對高血壓伴心衰患者，ACEI、血管緊張素受體拮抗劑（angiotensin-receptor blocker，ARB）及BB是指南一致推薦藥物。對高血壓卒中后期患者，76.47%的指南推薦D和ACEI。對急性腦卒中的血壓控制，指南推薦內容主要基于美國相關專業委員會制定的指南。對高血壓合并糖尿病或腎病患者，收縮壓/舒張壓控制范圍一致推薦應分別小于130/80 mmHg。對高血壓合并糖尿病患者，一致推薦ACEI，其次為D和CCB；對高血壓合并腎病患者，一致推薦ACEI/ARB。5篇推薦使用CCB的指南中有3篇來自亞洲。
結論　高血壓合并不同疾病的指南中循證指南占比較高，但方法學質量存在差異。循證指南中對證據級別和推薦強度的劃分標準不一，有待進一步完善。對高血壓合并冠心病、糖尿病、腎病及卒中后期患者，臨床證據充分且結果具有一致性，指南推薦內容基本一致，且無地區和質量級別差異。對目前臨床研究尚未達成共識的疾病，臨床推薦藥物存在差異。目前對高血壓合并急性卒中患者的血壓管理暫無定論。

引用本文： 陳尹,胡世蓮,李幼平,沈干,燕伯希,王莉. 全球藥物干預治療高血壓合并其他疾病指南的系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2012, 12(12): 1446-1462. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20120225 復制

1.	Ogihara T, Kikuchi K, Matsuoka H, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens Res, 2009, 32(1): 3-107.
2.	鄧可剛. 循證醫學證據的檢索與利用(第2版). 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 2005. 15.
3.	陳尹, 胡世蓮, 李幼平, 等. 全球藥物干預治療單純性高血壓指南的系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2012, 12(10): 1180-1194.
4.	Taylor R, Giles J. Cash interests taint drug advice. Nature, 2005, 437(7062): 1070-1071.
5.	Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2004, 328(7454):1490.
6.	Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650): 924-926.
7.	Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7652): 1049-1051.
8.	Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. BMJ, 2008, 336(7653): 1106-1110.
9.	Mulrow CD. Rationale for systematic reviews. BMJ, 1994, 309(6954): 597-599.
10.	Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ, 2009, 338: b1665.
11.	Tomlinson B, Dalal JJ, Huang J, et al. The role of β-blockers in the management of hypertension: an Asian perspective. Curr Med Res Opin, 2011, 27(5):1021-1033.
12.	中華醫學會心血管病學分會, 黃峻. β腎上腺素能受體阻滯劑在心血管疾病應用專家共識. 中華心血管病雜志, 2009, 37(3):195-209.
13.	Detry JM, Lichtlen PR, et al. Amlodipine reduces transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: double-blind Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol, 1994, 24(6): 1460-1467.
14.	Lenfant C. The calcium channel blocker scare. Lessons for the future. Circulation, 1995, 91(12): 2855-2856.
15.	Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2004, 364(9437): 849-857.
16.	Yui Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kodama K, et al. Comparison of nifedipine retard with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in Japanese hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: the Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) randomized trial. Hypertens Res, 2004, 27(3): 181-191.
17.	Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and normal blood pressure. The CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2004, 292(18): 2217?2226.
18.	Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD, et al. Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT Investigators. Circulation, 2000, 102(13): 1503-1510.
19.	Staessen JA, Li Y, Thijs L, et al. Blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular prevention: an update including the 2003-2004 secondary prevention trials. Hypertens Res, 2005, 28(5): 385-407.
20.	Sever PS, Poulter NR, Elliott WJ, et al. Blood pressure reduction is not the only determinant of outcome. Circulation, 2006, 113(23): 2754-2772.
21.	Elkayam U, Amin J, Mehra A, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study to compare the efficacy and safety of chronic nifedipine therapy with that of isosorbide dinitrate and their combination in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1990, 82(6): 1954-1961.
22.	Barjon JN, Rouleau JL, Bichet D, et al. Chronic renal and neurohumoral effects of the calcium entry blocker nisoldipine in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1987, 9(3): 622-630.
23.	Packer M, O’Connor CM, Ghali JK, et al. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1996, 335(15): 1107-1114.
24.	Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo–Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT–BPLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 2005, 366(9489): 895-906.
25.	Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction.Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med, 1992, 327(10): 669-677.
26.	The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med, 1991, 325(5): 293-302.
27.	Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, et al. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med, 1992, 327(10): 678-684.
28.	No authors listed. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality andventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’infarto Miocardico. Lancet, 1994, 343(8906): 1115-1122.
29.	ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet, 1995, 345(8951): 669-685.
30.	No authors listed. Oral captopril versus placebo among 13,634 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: interim report from the Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1). Lancet, 1995, 345(8951): 686-687.
31.	The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators.Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet, 1993, 342(8875): 821-828.
32.	Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 1995, 332(2): 80-85.
33.	Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1995, 333(25): 1670-1676.
34.	Fox KM; EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet, 2003, 362(9386): 782-788.
35.	Dagenais GR, Pogue J, Fox K, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure: a combined analysis of three trials. Lancet, 2006, 368(9535): 581-588.
36.	Philipp T, Anlauf M, Distler A, et al. Randomised double blind multicentre comparison of hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalapril in antihypertensive treatment: results of the HANE study. BMJ, 1997, 315(7101): 154-159.
37.	Rocha R, Williams GH. Rationale for the use of Aldosterone antagonists in congestive heart failure. Drugs, 2002, 62(5): 723-731.
38.	Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spir onolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure.Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 1999, 341(10): 709-717.
39.	Pitt B, Bakris G, Ruilope LM, et al. Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS). Circulation, 2008, 118(16): 1643-1650.
40.	PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl), 1995, 108(9): 710-717.
41.	PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet, 2001, 358(9287): 1033-1041.
42.	Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(3): 145-153.
43.	Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al. Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke, 2005, 36(6): 1218-1226.
44.	Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(12): 1225-1237.
45.	Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, et al. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol, 2008, 7(5): 391-399.
46.	Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Martin R, et al. Effect of systolic blood pressure reduction on hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema, and 3-month outcome among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage study. Arch Neurol, 2010, 67(5): 570-576.
47.	Pahor M, Psaty BM, Alderman MH, et al. Therapeutic benefits of ACE inhibitors and other antihypertensive drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2000, 23(7): 888-892.
48.	Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, et al. Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1996, 334: 939-945.
49.	Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH, et al. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(15): 131-140.
50.	Teo K, Yusuf S, Sleight P, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of 2 large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients: the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials. Am Heart J, 2004, 148(1): 52-61.

1. Ogihara T, Kikuchi K, Matsuoka H, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens Res, 2009, 32(1): 3-107.
2. 鄧可剛. 循證醫學證據的檢索與利用(第2版). 北京: 人民衛生出版社, 2005. 15.
3. 陳尹, 胡世蓮, 李幼平, 等. 全球藥物干預治療單純性高血壓指南的系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2012, 12(10): 1180-1194.
4. Taylor R, Giles J. Cash interests taint drug advice. Nature, 2005, 437(7062): 1070-1071.
5. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2004, 328(7454):1490.
6. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650): 924-926.
7. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7652): 1049-1051.
8. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. BMJ, 2008, 336(7653): 1106-1110.
9. Mulrow CD. Rationale for systematic reviews. BMJ, 1994, 309(6954): 597-599.
10. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ, 2009, 338: b1665.
11. Tomlinson B, Dalal JJ, Huang J, et al. The role of β-blockers in the management of hypertension: an Asian perspective. Curr Med Res Opin, 2011, 27(5):1021-1033.
12. 中華醫學會心血管病學分會, 黃峻. β腎上腺素能受體阻滯劑在心血管疾病應用專家共識. 中華心血管病雜志, 2009, 37(3):195-209.
13. Detry JM, Lichtlen PR, et al. Amlodipine reduces transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: double-blind Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol, 1994, 24(6): 1460-1467.
14. Lenfant C. The calcium channel blocker scare. Lessons for the future. Circulation, 1995, 91(12): 2855-2856.
15. Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2004, 364(9437): 849-857.
16. Yui Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kodama K, et al. Comparison of nifedipine retard with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in Japanese hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: the Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) randomized trial. Hypertens Res, 2004, 27(3): 181-191.
17. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and normal blood pressure. The CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2004, 292(18): 2217?2226.
18. Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD, et al. Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT Investigators. Circulation, 2000, 102(13): 1503-1510.
19. Staessen JA, Li Y, Thijs L, et al. Blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular prevention: an update including the 2003-2004 secondary prevention trials. Hypertens Res, 2005, 28(5): 385-407.
20. Sever PS, Poulter NR, Elliott WJ, et al. Blood pressure reduction is not the only determinant of outcome. Circulation, 2006, 113(23): 2754-2772.
21. Elkayam U, Amin J, Mehra A, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study to compare the efficacy and safety of chronic nifedipine therapy with that of isosorbide dinitrate and their combination in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1990, 82(6): 1954-1961.
22. Barjon JN, Rouleau JL, Bichet D, et al. Chronic renal and neurohumoral effects of the calcium entry blocker nisoldipine in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1987, 9(3): 622-630.
23. Packer M, O’Connor CM, Ghali JK, et al. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1996, 335(15): 1107-1114.
24. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo–Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT–BPLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 2005, 366(9489): 895-906.
25. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction.Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med, 1992, 327(10): 669-677.
26. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med, 1991, 325(5): 293-302.
27. Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, et al. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med, 1992, 327(10): 678-684.
28. No authors listed. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality andventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’infarto Miocardico. Lancet, 1994, 343(8906): 1115-1122.
29. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet, 1995, 345(8951): 669-685.
30. No authors listed. Oral captopril versus placebo among 13,634 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: interim report from the Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1). Lancet, 1995, 345(8951): 686-687.
31. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators.Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet, 1993, 342(8875): 821-828.
32. Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 1995, 332(2): 80-85.
33. Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1995, 333(25): 1670-1676.
34. Fox KM; EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet, 2003, 362(9386): 782-788.
35. Dagenais GR, Pogue J, Fox K, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure: a combined analysis of three trials. Lancet, 2006, 368(9535): 581-588.
36. Philipp T, Anlauf M, Distler A, et al. Randomised double blind multicentre comparison of hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalapril in antihypertensive treatment: results of the HANE study. BMJ, 1997, 315(7101): 154-159.
37. Rocha R, Williams GH. Rationale for the use of Aldosterone antagonists in congestive heart failure. Drugs, 2002, 62(5): 723-731.
38. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spir onolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure.Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 1999, 341(10): 709-717.
39. Pitt B, Bakris G, Ruilope LM, et al. Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS). Circulation, 2008, 118(16): 1643-1650.
40. PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl), 1995, 108(9): 710-717.
41. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet, 2001, 358(9287): 1033-1041.
42. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(3): 145-153.
43. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al. Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke, 2005, 36(6): 1218-1226.
44. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(12): 1225-1237.
45. Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, et al. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol, 2008, 7(5): 391-399.
46. Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Martin R, et al. Effect of systolic blood pressure reduction on hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema, and 3-month outcome among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage study. Arch Neurol, 2010, 67(5): 570-576.
47. Pahor M, Psaty BM, Alderman MH, et al. Therapeutic benefits of ACE inhibitors and other antihypertensive drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2000, 23(7): 888-892.
48. Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, et al. Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1996, 334: 939-945.
49. Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH, et al. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(15): 131-140.
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《中國循證醫學雜志》

全球藥物干預治療高血壓合并其他疾病指南的系統評價

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《中國循證醫學雜志》

全球藥物干預治療高血壓合并其他疾病指南的系統評價

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