結核分枝桿菌耐利福平診斷試驗的系統評價_《中國循證醫學雜志》

作者：

仇杰 ¹ , 張君雨 ¹ , 張佩珍 ² , 張穎 ³ , 馬彬 ⁴ ,  楊克虎 ⁴

1. 甘肅省婦幼保健院（蘭州?730000）2. 蘭州市婦幼保健院（蘭州?730000）3. 蘭州大學結核病研究中心（蘭州?730000）4. 蘭州大學循證醫學中心（蘭州?730000）;

關鍵詞：

結核分枝桿菌系統評價 SROC曲線

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20080147

視頻：

導出 下載 收藏 掃碼 引用

摘要 全文 圖表 視頻 參考文獻 施引文獻 補充材料

目的　采用Meta分析的方法評價LiPA和phage-based assays法檢測結核分枝桿菌耐利福平診斷試驗的準確性。
方法　通過檢索PubMed、EMbase、CBMWeb、CSJD、CJFD數據庫和其他方式廣泛收集文獻。根據QUADAS質量評價標準評價納入文獻的質量，用Meta-Disc軟件對其敏感度、特異度、陽性似然比、陰性似然比等進行合并分析，并進行異質性檢驗，對無異質性的研究繪制SROC曲線。
結果　最終納入42篇文獻。（1）LiPA法檢測結核分支桿菌耐利福平時，7個研究以BACTEC 460法為參考，合并敏感度0.98，合并特異度0.98，SROC（AUC）=0.9924；6個研究以proportion法為參考，合并敏感度0.97，合并特異度1.00，SROC（AUC）=0.9961；3個研究以BACTEC 460、Proportion法作為參考，合并敏感度0.92，合并特異度0.98，SROC（AUC）=0.9842；（2）噬菌體擴增法（商用）檢測結核分枝桿菌耐利福平的7個研究，以BACTEC 460、Proportion法為參考，合并敏感度0.95，合并特異度0.95，SROC（AUC）=0.9842，（3）噬菌體擴增法（內部的）檢測結核分支桿菌耐利福平的7個研究，以BACTEC 460、比例法、絕對濃度法和電阻率法為參考，其合并敏感度0.98，合并特異度0.98，SROC（AUC）=0.9949；（4）熒光素酶噬菌體報告技術檢測結核分枝桿菌耐利福平的7個研究，以BACTEC 460、比例法、絕對濃度法為參考，其合并敏感度0.98，合并特異度0.98，SROC（AUC）=0.9788。
結論　現有研究證實：（1）采用分離培養時，噬菌體檢測法在檢測結核分枝桿菌耐利福平方面具有較高的敏感度和特異度，在提高耐多藥結核病診斷準確性方面具有潛力。（2）LiPA在檢測結核分枝桿菌耐利福平方面也具有較高的敏感度和特異度，但直接應用臨床標本檢測時敏感度似乎稍有下降。上述結果尚需更多設計嚴謹、科學的臨床試驗進一步證實。

引用本文： 仇杰,張君雨,張佩珍,張穎,馬彬,楊克虎. 結核分枝桿菌耐利福平診斷試驗的系統評價. 中國循證醫學雜志, 2008, 08(8): 642-651. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20080147 復制

1.	The WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance: Anti-Tuberculosis drug resistance in the world, report number 2 Volume. Geneva; 2004.
2.	王巍. 耐多藥結核病的現狀及診斷、處理對策. 軍醫進修學院學報, 2006, 27(6): 471-471.
3.	全國結核病流行病學抽樣調查技術指導組. 第三次全國全國結核病流行病學抽樣調查報告. 中華結核與呼吸雜志, 1992, 15(2): 69271.
4.	Fisher M. Diagnosis of MDR-TB: a developing world problem on a developed world budget. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2002, 2(2): 151-159.
5.	Parsons LM, Somoskovi A, Urbanczik R, et al. Laboratory diagnostic aspects of drug resistant tuberculosis. Front Biosci, 2004, 9: 2086-2105.
6.	Hirano K, Abe C, Takahashi M. Mutations in the rpo B gene of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated mostly in Asian countries and their rapid detection by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 1999, 37: 2663-2666.
7.	Heifets LB, Cangelosi GA. Drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a neglected problem at the turn of the century. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1999, 3(7): 564–581.
8.	Cavusoglu C, Hilmioglu S, Guneri S, et al. Characterization of rpo B mutations in Rifampin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Turkey by DNA sequencing and line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 2002, 40: 4435-4438.
9.	Hazbon MH. Recent advances in molecular methods for early diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Biomedical, 2004, 24(Suppl 1): 149-162.
10.	Somoskovi A, Parsons LM, Salfinger M. The molecular basis of resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respir Res, 2001, 2(3): 164-168.
11.	Ahmad S, Mokaddas E, Fares E. Characterization of rpo B mutationsin rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kuwait and Dubai. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2002, 44: 245-252.
12.	Rossau R, Traore H, De Beenhouwer H, et al. Evaluation of the INNO-LiPA Rif. TB assay, areverse hybridization assay for the simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and its resistance to rifampin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1997, 41: 2093-2098.
13.	Watterson S, Wilson S, Yates M, et al. Comparison of three molecular assays for rapid detection of rifampin resistanc in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol, 1998, 36: 1969-1973.
14.	Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2003, 3: 25.
15.	Gamboa F, Cardona PJ, Manterola JM, et al. Evaluation of a commercial probe assay fordetection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from respiratory and nonrespiratory clinical samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1998, 17: 189-192.
16.	Johansen I, Lundgren B, Sosnovskaja A, et al. Direct detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens in low- and high-incidence countries by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 2003, 41: 4454-4456.
17.	Jureen P, Werngren J, Hoffner S. Evaluation of the line probe assay (LiPA) for rapid detection of Rifampicin resistance in Mycobac- terium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 2004, 84: 311-316.
18.	Sintchenko V, Chew W, Jelfs P, et al. Mutations in rpo B gene and rifabutin susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Australia. Pathology, 1999, 31: 257-260.
19.	Tracevska T, Jansone I, Broka L, et al. Mutations in the rpo B and katG genes leading to drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Latvia. J Clin Microbiol, 2002, 40: 3789-3792.
20.	Johansen I, Lundgren B, Sosnovskaja A, et al. Direct detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens in low- and high-incidence countries by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 2003, 41: 4454-4456.
21.	Viveiros M, Leandro C, Rodrigues L, et al. Direct application of the INNO-LiPA Rif.TB line-probe assay for rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains and detection of rifampin resistance in 360 smear-positive respiratory specimens from an area of high incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2005, 43(9): 4880-4884.
22.	De Oliveira M, Rocha A, Oelemann M, et al. Rapid detection of resistance against Rifampicin in isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Brazilian patients using a reverse-phase hybridization assay. J Microbiol Methods, 2003, 53: 335-342.
23.	Traore H, Fissette K, Bastian I, et al. Detection of Rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from diverse countries by a commercial line probe assay as an initial indicator of multidrug resistance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2000, 4: 481-484.
24.	De Beenhouwer H, Lhiang Z, Jannes G, et al. Rapid detection of Rifampicin resistance in sputum and biopsy specimens from tuberculosis patients by PCR and line probe assay. Tuber Lung Dis, 1995, 76: 425-430.
25.	Lemus D, Martin A, Montoro E, et al. Rapid alternative methods for detection of Rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004, 54: 130-133.
26.	Watterson S, Wilson S, Yates M, et al. Comparison of three molecular assays for rapid detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol, 1998, 36: 1969-1973.
27.	Srivastava K, Das R, Jakhmola P, et al. Correlation of mutations detected by INNO-LiPA with levels of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res, 2004, 120(2): 100-105.
28.	Traore H, van Deun A, Shamputa IC, et al. Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA and rifampin resistance in clinical specimens from tuberculosis patients by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 2006, 44(12): 4384-4388.
29.	Marttila HJ, Soini H, Vyshnevskaya E, et al. Line probe assay in the rapid detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from clinical specimens. Scand J Infect Dis, 1999, 31(3): 269-273.
30.	Kisa O, Albay A, Bedir O, et al. Evaluation of FASTPlaquetb-RIF for determination of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2003, 7(3): 284-288.
31.	Albert H, Trollip AP, Mole RJ, et al. Rapid indication of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from liquid cultures using FASTPlaqueTB-RIF, a manual phage-based test. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2002, 6(6): 523-528.
32.	Butt T, Ahmad RN, Afzal RK, et al. Rapid detection of rifampicin susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens by mycobacteriophage assay. J Pak Med Assoc, 2004, 54(7): 379-382.
33.	Krishnamurthy A, Rodrigues C, Mehta AP. Rapid detection of rifampicin resistance in M. tuberculosis by phage assay. Ind J Med Microbiol, 2002, 20(4): 211-214.
34.	Albert H, Heydenrych A, Mole R, et al. Evaluation of FASTPlaque TB-RIF, a rapid, manual test for the determination of rifampicin resistance from Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2001, 5(10): 906-911.
35.	Oguz VA, Guneri S, Erdenizmenli M, et al. Investigation of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by two different methods. Toraks Dergisi, 2002, 3(2): 173-177.
36.	Albert H, Trollip A, Seaman T, et al. Simple, phage-based (FASTPplaque) technology to determine rifampicin resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from sputum. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2004, 8(9): 1114-1119.
37.	Gali N, Dominguez J, Blanco S, et al. Utility of an in-house mycobacteriophage-based assay for rapid detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol, 2003, 41(6): 2647-2649.
38.	Hamidou Traore, Ogwang S, Mallard K, et al. Low-cost rapid detection of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis using bacteriophage in Kampala, Uganda. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 2007, 6: 1.
39.	Simboli N, Takiff H, McNerney R, et al. In-house phage amplification assay is a sound alternative for detecting rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in low-resource settings. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2005, 49(1): 425-427.
40.	McNerney R. TB: the return of the phage. A review of fifty years of mycobacteriophage research. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1999, 3(3): 179-184.
41.	Mani C, Selvakumar N, Kumar V, et al. Comparison of DNA sequencing, PCR-SSCP and PhaB assays with indirect sensitivity testing for detection of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2003, 7(7): 652-659.
42.	Eltringham IJ, Drobniewski FA, Mangan JA, et al. Evaluation of reverse transcription-PCR and a bacteriophage- based assay far rapid phenotypic detection of rifampin resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol, 1999, 37(11): 3524-3527.
43.	Wilson SM, Al-Suwaidi Z, McNerney R, et al. Evaluation of a new rapid bacteriophagebased method for the drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Med, 1997, 3(4): 465-468.
44.	Banaiee N, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Riska PF, et al. Rapid identification and susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from MGIT cultures with luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages. J Med Microbiol, 2003, 52(Pt 7): 557-561.
45.	Banaiee N, Bodadilla-del-Valle M, Bardarov S, et al. Luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages for detection, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexico. J Clin Microbiol, 2001, 39(11): 3883-3888.
46.	Banaiee N, January V, Barthus C, et al. Semi-automation and evaluation of luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures in South Africa. American Society for Microbiology 104th general meeting 2004, New Orleans, LA 2004 [Abstract U-018].
47.	Hazbon MH. Recent advances in molecular methods for early diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Biomedical, 2004, 24(Suppl 1): 149-162.
48.	Hazbon MH, Guarin N, Ferro BE, et al. Photographic and luminometric detection of luciferase reporter phages for drug susceptibility testing of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Clin Microbiol, 2003, 41(10): 4865-4869.
49.	Riska PF, Su Y, Bardarov S, et al. Rapid film-based determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by using a luciferase reporter phage and the Bronx box. J Clin Microbiol, 1999, 37(4): 1144-1149.
50.	Lu B, Fu Z, Xu S. Rapid rifampicin susceptibility test by using recombinant mycobacteriophages. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 2000, 23(8): 480-484.
51.	Kalantri SP. Bacteriophage-based tests for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Master’s in Public Health (MPH) Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2005.
52.	Símboli N, Takiff H, McNerney R, et al. In-house phage amplification assay is a sound alternative for detecting rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in low-resource settings. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2005, 49(1): 425-427.

1. The WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance: Anti-Tuberculosis drug resistance in the world, report number 2 Volume. Geneva; 2004.
2. 王巍. 耐多藥結核病的現狀及診斷、處理對策. 軍醫進修學院學報, 2006, 27(6): 471-471.
3. 全國結核病流行病學抽樣調查技術指導組. 第三次全國全國結核病流行病學抽樣調查報告. 中華結核與呼吸雜志, 1992, 15(2): 69271.
4. Fisher M. Diagnosis of MDR-TB: a developing world problem on a developed world budget. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2002, 2(2): 151-159.
5. Parsons LM, Somoskovi A, Urbanczik R, et al. Laboratory diagnostic aspects of drug resistant tuberculosis. Front Biosci, 2004, 9: 2086-2105.
6. Hirano K, Abe C, Takahashi M. Mutations in the rpo B gene of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated mostly in Asian countries and their rapid detection by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 1999, 37: 2663-2666.
7. Heifets LB, Cangelosi GA. Drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a neglected problem at the turn of the century. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1999, 3(7): 564–581.
8. Cavusoglu C, Hilmioglu S, Guneri S, et al. Characterization of rpo B mutations in Rifampin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Turkey by DNA sequencing and line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 2002, 40: 4435-4438.
9. Hazbon MH. Recent advances in molecular methods for early diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Biomedical, 2004, 24(Suppl 1): 149-162.
10. Somoskovi A, Parsons LM, Salfinger M. The molecular basis of resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respir Res, 2001, 2(3): 164-168.
11. Ahmad S, Mokaddas E, Fares E. Characterization of rpo B mutationsin rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kuwait and Dubai. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2002, 44: 245-252.
12. Rossau R, Traore H, De Beenhouwer H, et al. Evaluation of the INNO-LiPA Rif. TB assay, areverse hybridization assay for the simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and its resistance to rifampin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1997, 41: 2093-2098.
13. Watterson S, Wilson S, Yates M, et al. Comparison of three molecular assays for rapid detection of rifampin resistanc in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol, 1998, 36: 1969-1973.
14. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2003, 3: 25.
15. Gamboa F, Cardona PJ, Manterola JM, et al. Evaluation of a commercial probe assay fordetection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from respiratory and nonrespiratory clinical samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1998, 17: 189-192.
16. Johansen I, Lundgren B, Sosnovskaja A, et al. Direct detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens in low- and high-incidence countries by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 2003, 41: 4454-4456.
17. Jureen P, Werngren J, Hoffner S. Evaluation of the line probe assay (LiPA) for rapid detection of Rifampicin resistance in Mycobac- terium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 2004, 84: 311-316.
18. Sintchenko V, Chew W, Jelfs P, et al. Mutations in rpo B gene and rifabutin susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Australia. Pathology, 1999, 31: 257-260.
19. Tracevska T, Jansone I, Broka L, et al. Mutations in the rpo B and katG genes leading to drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Latvia. J Clin Microbiol, 2002, 40: 3789-3792.
20. Johansen I, Lundgren B, Sosnovskaja A, et al. Direct detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens in low- and high-incidence countries by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 2003, 41: 4454-4456.
21. Viveiros M, Leandro C, Rodrigues L, et al. Direct application of the INNO-LiPA Rif.TB line-probe assay for rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains and detection of rifampin resistance in 360 smear-positive respiratory specimens from an area of high incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2005, 43(9): 4880-4884.
22. De Oliveira M, Rocha A, Oelemann M, et al. Rapid detection of resistance against Rifampicin in isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Brazilian patients using a reverse-phase hybridization assay. J Microbiol Methods, 2003, 53: 335-342.
23. Traore H, Fissette K, Bastian I, et al. Detection of Rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from diverse countries by a commercial line probe assay as an initial indicator of multidrug resistance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2000, 4: 481-484.
24. De Beenhouwer H, Lhiang Z, Jannes G, et al. Rapid detection of Rifampicin resistance in sputum and biopsy specimens from tuberculosis patients by PCR and line probe assay. Tuber Lung Dis, 1995, 76: 425-430.
25. Lemus D, Martin A, Montoro E, et al. Rapid alternative methods for detection of Rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004, 54: 130-133.
26. Watterson S, Wilson S, Yates M, et al. Comparison of three molecular assays for rapid detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol, 1998, 36: 1969-1973.
27. Srivastava K, Das R, Jakhmola P, et al. Correlation of mutations detected by INNO-LiPA with levels of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res, 2004, 120(2): 100-105.
28. Traore H, van Deun A, Shamputa IC, et al. Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA and rifampin resistance in clinical specimens from tuberculosis patients by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol, 2006, 44(12): 4384-4388.
29. Marttila HJ, Soini H, Vyshnevskaya E, et al. Line probe assay in the rapid detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from clinical specimens. Scand J Infect Dis, 1999, 31(3): 269-273.
30. Kisa O, Albay A, Bedir O, et al. Evaluation of FASTPlaquetb-RIF for determination of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2003, 7(3): 284-288.
31. Albert H, Trollip AP, Mole RJ, et al. Rapid indication of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from liquid cultures using FASTPlaqueTB-RIF, a manual phage-based test. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2002, 6(6): 523-528.
32. Butt T, Ahmad RN, Afzal RK, et al. Rapid detection of rifampicin susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens by mycobacteriophage assay. J Pak Med Assoc, 2004, 54(7): 379-382.
33. Krishnamurthy A, Rodrigues C, Mehta AP. Rapid detection of rifampicin resistance in M. tuberculosis by phage assay. Ind J Med Microbiol, 2002, 20(4): 211-214.
34. Albert H, Heydenrych A, Mole R, et al. Evaluation of FASTPlaque TB-RIF, a rapid, manual test for the determination of rifampicin resistance from Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2001, 5(10): 906-911.
35. Oguz VA, Guneri S, Erdenizmenli M, et al. Investigation of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by two different methods. Toraks Dergisi, 2002, 3(2): 173-177.
36. Albert H, Trollip A, Seaman T, et al. Simple, phage-based (FASTPplaque) technology to determine rifampicin resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from sputum. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2004, 8(9): 1114-1119.
37. Gali N, Dominguez J, Blanco S, et al. Utility of an in-house mycobacteriophage-based assay for rapid detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol, 2003, 41(6): 2647-2649.
38. Hamidou Traore, Ogwang S, Mallard K, et al. Low-cost rapid detection of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis using bacteriophage in Kampala, Uganda. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 2007, 6: 1.
39. Simboli N, Takiff H, McNerney R, et al. In-house phage amplification assay is a sound alternative for detecting rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in low-resource settings. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2005, 49(1): 425-427.
40. McNerney R. TB: the return of the phage. A review of fifty years of mycobacteriophage research. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1999, 3(3): 179-184.
41. Mani C, Selvakumar N, Kumar V, et al. Comparison of DNA sequencing, PCR-SSCP and PhaB assays with indirect sensitivity testing for detection of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2003, 7(7): 652-659.
42. Eltringham IJ, Drobniewski FA, Mangan JA, et al. Evaluation of reverse transcription-PCR and a bacteriophage- based assay far rapid phenotypic detection of rifampin resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol, 1999, 37(11): 3524-3527.
43. Wilson SM, Al-Suwaidi Z, McNerney R, et al. Evaluation of a new rapid bacteriophagebased method for the drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Med, 1997, 3(4): 465-468.
44. Banaiee N, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Riska PF, et al. Rapid identification and susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from MGIT cultures with luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages. J Med Microbiol, 2003, 52(Pt 7): 557-561.
45. Banaiee N, Bodadilla-del-Valle M, Bardarov S, et al. Luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages for detection, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexico. J Clin Microbiol, 2001, 39(11): 3883-3888.
46. Banaiee N, January V, Barthus C, et al. Semi-automation and evaluation of luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures in South Africa. American Society for Microbiology 104th general meeting 2004, New Orleans, LA 2004 [Abstract U-018].
47. Hazbon MH. Recent advances in molecular methods for early diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Biomedical, 2004, 24(Suppl 1): 149-162.
48. Hazbon MH, Guarin N, Ferro BE, et al. Photographic and luminometric detection of luciferase reporter phages for drug susceptibility testing of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Clin Microbiol, 2003, 41(10): 4865-4869.
49. Riska PF, Su Y, Bardarov S, et al. Rapid film-based determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by using a luciferase reporter phage and the Bronx box. J Clin Microbiol, 1999, 37(4): 1144-1149.
50. Lu B, Fu Z, Xu S. Rapid rifampicin susceptibility test by using recombinant mycobacteriophages. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 2000, 23(8): 480-484.
51. Kalantri SP. Bacteriophage-based tests for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Master’s in Public Health (MPH) Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2005.
52. Símboli N, Takiff H, McNerney R, et al. In-house phage amplification assay is a sound alternative for detecting rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in low-resource settings. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2005, 49(1): 425-427.

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