胃食管反流相關呼吸癥狀：從經驗性抑酸到精準評估_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

張熙 ¹ , 李依娜 ² , 楊錦林 ¹ ,  LIU Yuzhi ¹

1. ;
2. ;

Corresponding?author：

LIU Yuzhi, Email: liuyuzhi121@wchscu.cn

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202607013

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Citation： LIU Yuzhi. 胃食管反流相關呼吸癥狀：從經驗性抑酸到精準評估. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2026, 25(8): 587-596. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202607013 Copy

1.	Eusebi LH, Ratnakumaran R, Yuan Y, et al. Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis[J]. Gut, 2018, 67(3): 430-40.
2.	VAKIL N, VAN ZANTEN S V, KAHRILAS P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2006, 101(8): 1900-20; quiz 43.
3.	KATZ P O, DUNBAR K B, SCHNOLL-SUSSMAN F H, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2022, 117(1): 27-56.
4.	CHEN J W, VELA M F, PETERSON K A, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Extraesophageal Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Expert Review [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 21(6): 1414-21. e3.
5.	KAHRILAS P J, ALTMAN K W, CHANG A B, et al. Chronic Cough Due to Gastroesophageal Reflux in Adults: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report[J]. Chest, 2016, 150(6): 1341-60.
6.	MORICE A H, MILLQVIST E, BIEKSIENE K, et al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children [J]. Eur Respir J, 2020, 55(1).
7.	PARKER S M, SMITH J A, BIRRING S S, et al. British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on chronic cough in adults [J]. Thorax, 2023, 78(Suppl 6): s3-s19.
8.	IRWIN R S, FRENCH C L, CHANG A B, et al. Classification of Cough as a Symptom in Adults and Management Algorithms: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report[J]. Chest, 2018, 153(1): 196-209.
9.	GIBSON P, WANG G, MCGARVEY L, et al. Treatment of Unexplained Chronic Cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report[J]. Chest, 2016, 149(1): 27-44.
10.	中華醫學會, 中華醫學會雜志社, 中華醫學會全科醫學分會, 等. 中國咳嗽基層診療與管理指南(2024年)[J]. 中華全科醫師雜志, 2024, 23(8): 793-812.
11.	GYAWALI C P, KAHRILAS P J, SAVARINO E, et al. Modern diagnosis of GERD: the Lyon Consensus[J]. Gut, 2018, 67(7): 1351-62.
12.	GYAWALI C P, YADLAPATI R, FASS R, et al. Updates to the modern diagnosis of GERD: Lyon consensus 2.0 [J]. Gut, 2024, 73(2): 361-71.
13.	GYAWALI C P, CARLSON D A, CHEN J W, et al. ACG Clinical Guidelines: Clinical Use of Esophageal Physiologic Testing[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2020, 115(9): 1412-28.
14.	YADLAPATI R, GYAWALI C P, PANDOLFINO J E. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Personalized Approach to the Evaluation and Management of GERD: Expert Review [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 20(5): 984-94. e1.
15.	LECHIEN J R, AKST L M, HAMDAN A L, et al. Evaluation and Management of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease: State of the Art Review[J]. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019, 160(5): 762-82.
16.	LECHIEN J R, SAUSSEZ S, SCHINDLER A, et al. Clinical outcomes of laryngopharyngeal reflux treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Laryngoscope, 2019, 129(5): 1174-87.
17.	LI N, CHEN Q, WEN S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring for gastroesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough [J]. Chron Respir Dis, 2021, 18: 14799731211006682.
18.	CHUNG K F, MCGARVEY L, MAZZONE S B. Chronic cough as a neuropathic disorder[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2013, 1(5): 414-22.
19.	MORICE A H, MILLQVIST E, BELVISI M G, et al. Expert opinion on the cough hypersensitivity syndrome in respiratory medicine[J]. Eur Respir J, 2014, 44(5): 1132-48.
20.	CHAN W W, SHARMA N, GYAWALI C P. The Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Airway Inflammation[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2025, 120(1): 60-4.
21.	BONNANS C, FUKUNAGA K, LEVY M A, et al. Lipoxin A(4) regulates bronchial epithelial cell responses to acid injury[J]. Am J Pathol, 2006, 168(4): 1064-72.
22.	CHOI Y S, NA H G, BAE C H, et al. Pepsin exposure in a non-acidic environment upregulates mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression via matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in human airway epithelial cells[J]. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, 2021, 11(5): 894-901.
23.	ALDHAHRANI A, VERDON B, WARD C, et al. Effects of bile acids on human airway epithelial cells: implications for aerodigestive diseases [J]. ERJ Open Res, 2017, 3(1).
24.	WANG J, ZHAO Y, REN J, et al. Pepsin in saliva as a diagnostic biomarker in laryngopharyngeal reflux: a meta-analysis[J]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2018, 275(3): 671-8.
25.	HAYAT J O, GABIETA-SOMNEZ S, YAZAKI E, et al. Pepsin in saliva for the diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease[J]. Gut, 2015, 64(3): 373-80.
26.	DECALMER S, STOVOLD R, HOUGHTON L A, et al. Chronic cough: relationship between microaspiration, gastroesophageal reflux, and cough frequency[J]. Chest, 2012, 142(4): 958-64.
27.	BLONDEAU K, MERTENS V, VANAUDENAERDE B A, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric aspiration in lung transplant patients with or without chronic rejection[J]. Eur Respir J, 2008, 31(4): 707-13.
28.	KRAUSE A J, YADLAPATI R. Review article: Diagnosis and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2024, 59(5): 616-31.
29.	SMITH J A, DECALMER S, KELSALL A, et al. Acoustic cough-reflux associations in chronic cough: potential triggers and mechanisms[J]. Gastroenterology, 2010, 139(3): 754-62.
30.	RYAN N M, BIRRING S S, GIBSON P G. Gabapentin for refractory chronic cough: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2012, 380(9853): 1583-9.
31.	VERTIGAN A E, KAPELA S L, RYAN N M, et al. Pregabalin and Speech Pathology Combination Therapy for Refractory Chronic Cough: A Randomized Controlled Trial[J]. Chest, 2016, 149(3): 639-48.
32.	MCGARVEY L P, BIRRING S S, MORICE A H, et al. Efficacy and safety of gefapixant, a P2X(3) receptor antagonist, in refractory chronic cough and unexplained chronic cough (COUGH-1 and COUGH-2): results from two double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials[J]. Lancet, 2022, 399(10328): 909-23.
33.	SMITH J A, KITT M M, BUTERA P, et al. Gefapixant in two randomised dose-escalation studies in chronic cough [J]. Eur Respir J, 2020, 55(3).
34.	SHEPHERD K L, JAMES A L, MUSK A W, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms are related to the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnoea [J]. J Sleep Res, 2011, 20(1 Pt 2): 241-9.
35.	REDDEL H K, BACHARIER L B, BATEMAN E D, et al. Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 205(1): 17-35.
36.	AGUSTí A, CELLI B R, CRINER G J, et al. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary [J]. Eur Respir J, 2023, 61(4).
37.	RAGHU G, REMY-JARDIN M, RICHELDI L, et al. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (an Update) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults: An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 205(9): e18-e47.
38.	GREEN B T, BROUGHTON W A, O'CONNOR J B. Marked improvement in nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux in a large cohort of patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2003, 163(1): 41-5.
39.	KLOMPAS M, BRANSON R, CAWCUTT K, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated events, and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update[J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2022, 43(6): 687-713.
40.	FLORIA D E, OBEIDAT M, KáVáSI S B, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: proton pump inhibitors slightly decrease the severity of chronic cough[J]. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 11956.
41.	MASTRONARDE J G, ANTHONISEN N R, CASTRO M, et al. Efficacy of esomeprazole for treatment of poorly controlled asthma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009, 360(15): 1487-99.
42.	HOLBROOK J T, WISE R A, GOLD B D, et al. Lansoprazole for children with poorly controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Jama, 2012, 307(4): 373-81.
43.	ZHENG Z, LUO Y, LI J, et al. Randomised trials of proton pump inhibitors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in patients with asthma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. BMJ Open, 2021, 11(8): e043860.
44.	LEE A L, GOLDSTEIN R S. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in COPD: links and risks[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2015, 10: 1935-49.
45.	TERADA K, MURO S, SATO S, et al. Impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms on COPD exacerbation[J]. Thorax, 2008, 63(11): 951-5.
46.	RASCON-AGUILAR I E, PAMER M, WLUDYKA P, et al. Role of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in exacerbations of COPD[J]. Chest, 2006, 130(4): 1096-101.
47.	MCDONNELL M J, ALIBERTI S, GOEMINNE P C, et al. Comorbidities and the risk of mortality in patients with bronchiectasis: an international multicentre cohort study[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2016, 4(12): 969-79.
48.	POLVERINO E, GOEMINNE P C, MCDONNELL M J, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis [J]. Eur Respir J, 2017, 50(3).
49.	LEE J S, RYU J H, ELICKER B M, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 184(12): 1390-4.
50.	KREUTER M, SPAGNOLO P, WUYTS W, et al. Antacid Therapy and Disease Progression in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Who Received Pirfenidone[J]. Respiration, 2017, 93(6): 415-23.
51.	RAGHU G, PELLEGRINI C A, YOW E, et al. Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (WRAP-IPF): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 2 trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018, 6(9): 707-14.
52.	HUA F, XIE H, WORTHINGTON H V, et al. Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 10(10): Cd008367.
53.	BELAFSKY P C, POSTMA G N, KOUFMAN J A. The validity and reliability of the reflux finding score (RFS)[J]. Laryngoscope, 2001, 111(8): 1313-7.
54.	BELAFSKY P C, POSTMA G N, KOUFMAN J A. Validity and reliability of the reflux symptom index (RSI)[J]. J Voice, 2002, 16(2): 274-7.
55.	LECHIEN J R, BOBIN F, MULS V, et al. Validity and reliability of the reflux symptom score[J]. Laryngoscope, 2020, 130(3): E98-e107.
56.	YADLAPATI R, KAHRILAS P J, FOX M R, et al. Esophageal motility disorders on high-resolution manometry: Chicago classification version 4.0(?) [J]. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2021, 33(1): e14058.
57.	ZHONG S, ZHONG M, FANG L, et al. Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker Versus Proton Pump Inhibitor: A Pilot Study on Comparable Efficacy in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux-Related Cough[J]. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res, 2024, 16(2): 191-201.
58.	Jeon HK, Kim GH, Cheon YI, et al. Efficacy of Tegoprazan in Patients with Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease: A Preliminary Feasibility Study[J]. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(19): 616.
59.	Kim SI, Lee YC, Cha W, et al. Efficacy and safety of fexuprazan in patients with symptoms and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease: a randomized clinical trial[J]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2024, 281(11): 5873-5883.
60.	Kang N, Kang MG, Lee SE, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Fexuprazan Versus Esomeprazole for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Related Chronic Cough: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Exploratory Trial[J]. Lung, 2025, 203(1): 59.
61.	JUNG D H, HUH C W, LEE S K, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials: Combination Treatment With Proton Pump Inhibitor Plus Prokinetic for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease[J]. J Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2021, 27(2): 165-75.
62.	LEIMAN D A, RIFF B P, MORGAN S, et al. Alginate therapy is effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Dis Esophagus, 2017, 30(2): 1-8.
63.	ZHAO C X, WANG J W, GONG M. Efficacy and safety of alginate formulations in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2020, 24(22): 11845-57.
64.	DONG R, XU X, YU L, et al. Randomised clinical trial: gabapentin vs baclofen in the treatment of suspected refractory gastro-oesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 49(6): 714-22.
65.	ZHANG Q, LEHMANN A, RIGDA R, et al. Control of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease[J]. Gut, 2002, 50(1): 19-24.
66.	DICPINIGAITIS P V, DOBKIN J B. Antitussive effect of the GABA-agonist baclofen[J]. Chest, 1997, 111(4): 996-9.
67.	SPECHLER S J, HUNTER J G, JONES K M, et al. Randomized Trial of Medical versus Surgical Treatment for Refractory Heartburn[J]. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(16): 1513-23.

1. Eusebi LH, Ratnakumaran R, Yuan Y, et al. Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis[J]. Gut, 2018, 67(3): 430-40.
2. VAKIL N, VAN ZANTEN S V, KAHRILAS P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2006, 101(8): 1900-20; quiz 43.
3. KATZ P O, DUNBAR K B, SCHNOLL-SUSSMAN F H, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2022, 117(1): 27-56.
4. CHEN J W, VELA M F, PETERSON K A, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Extraesophageal Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Expert Review [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 21(6): 1414-21. e3.
5. KAHRILAS P J, ALTMAN K W, CHANG A B, et al. Chronic Cough Due to Gastroesophageal Reflux in Adults: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report[J]. Chest, 2016, 150(6): 1341-60.
6. MORICE A H, MILLQVIST E, BIEKSIENE K, et al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children [J]. Eur Respir J, 2020, 55(1).
7. PARKER S M, SMITH J A, BIRRING S S, et al. British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on chronic cough in adults [J]. Thorax, 2023, 78(Suppl 6): s3-s19.
8. IRWIN R S, FRENCH C L, CHANG A B, et al. Classification of Cough as a Symptom in Adults and Management Algorithms: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report[J]. Chest, 2018, 153(1): 196-209.
9. GIBSON P, WANG G, MCGARVEY L, et al. Treatment of Unexplained Chronic Cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report[J]. Chest, 2016, 149(1): 27-44.
10. 中華醫學會, 中華醫學會雜志社, 中華醫學會全科醫學分會, 等. 中國咳嗽基層診療與管理指南(2024年)[J]. 中華全科醫師雜志, 2024, 23(8): 793-812.
11. GYAWALI C P, KAHRILAS P J, SAVARINO E, et al. Modern diagnosis of GERD: the Lyon Consensus[J]. Gut, 2018, 67(7): 1351-62.
12. GYAWALI C P, YADLAPATI R, FASS R, et al. Updates to the modern diagnosis of GERD: Lyon consensus 2.0 [J]. Gut, 2024, 73(2): 361-71.
13. GYAWALI C P, CARLSON D A, CHEN J W, et al. ACG Clinical Guidelines: Clinical Use of Esophageal Physiologic Testing[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2020, 115(9): 1412-28.
14. YADLAPATI R, GYAWALI C P, PANDOLFINO J E. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Personalized Approach to the Evaluation and Management of GERD: Expert Review [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 20(5): 984-94. e1.
15. LECHIEN J R, AKST L M, HAMDAN A L, et al. Evaluation and Management of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease: State of the Art Review[J]. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019, 160(5): 762-82.
16. LECHIEN J R, SAUSSEZ S, SCHINDLER A, et al. Clinical outcomes of laryngopharyngeal reflux treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Laryngoscope, 2019, 129(5): 1174-87.
17. LI N, CHEN Q, WEN S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring for gastroesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough [J]. Chron Respir Dis, 2021, 18: 14799731211006682.
18. CHUNG K F, MCGARVEY L, MAZZONE S B. Chronic cough as a neuropathic disorder[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2013, 1(5): 414-22.
19. MORICE A H, MILLQVIST E, BELVISI M G, et al. Expert opinion on the cough hypersensitivity syndrome in respiratory medicine[J]. Eur Respir J, 2014, 44(5): 1132-48.
20. CHAN W W, SHARMA N, GYAWALI C P. The Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Airway Inflammation[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2025, 120(1): 60-4.
21. BONNANS C, FUKUNAGA K, LEVY M A, et al. Lipoxin A(4) regulates bronchial epithelial cell responses to acid injury[J]. Am J Pathol, 2006, 168(4): 1064-72.
22. CHOI Y S, NA H G, BAE C H, et al. Pepsin exposure in a non-acidic environment upregulates mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression via matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in human airway epithelial cells[J]. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, 2021, 11(5): 894-901.
23. ALDHAHRANI A, VERDON B, WARD C, et al. Effects of bile acids on human airway epithelial cells: implications for aerodigestive diseases [J]. ERJ Open Res, 2017, 3(1).
24. WANG J, ZHAO Y, REN J, et al. Pepsin in saliva as a diagnostic biomarker in laryngopharyngeal reflux: a meta-analysis[J]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2018, 275(3): 671-8.
25. HAYAT J O, GABIETA-SOMNEZ S, YAZAKI E, et al. Pepsin in saliva for the diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease[J]. Gut, 2015, 64(3): 373-80.
26. DECALMER S, STOVOLD R, HOUGHTON L A, et al. Chronic cough: relationship between microaspiration, gastroesophageal reflux, and cough frequency[J]. Chest, 2012, 142(4): 958-64.
27. BLONDEAU K, MERTENS V, VANAUDENAERDE B A, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric aspiration in lung transplant patients with or without chronic rejection[J]. Eur Respir J, 2008, 31(4): 707-13.
28. KRAUSE A J, YADLAPATI R. Review article: Diagnosis and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2024, 59(5): 616-31.
29. SMITH J A, DECALMER S, KELSALL A, et al. Acoustic cough-reflux associations in chronic cough: potential triggers and mechanisms[J]. Gastroenterology, 2010, 139(3): 754-62.
30. RYAN N M, BIRRING S S, GIBSON P G. Gabapentin for refractory chronic cough: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2012, 380(9853): 1583-9.
31. VERTIGAN A E, KAPELA S L, RYAN N M, et al. Pregabalin and Speech Pathology Combination Therapy for Refractory Chronic Cough: A Randomized Controlled Trial[J]. Chest, 2016, 149(3): 639-48.
32. MCGARVEY L P, BIRRING S S, MORICE A H, et al. Efficacy and safety of gefapixant, a P2X(3) receptor antagonist, in refractory chronic cough and unexplained chronic cough (COUGH-1 and COUGH-2): results from two double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials[J]. Lancet, 2022, 399(10328): 909-23.
33. SMITH J A, KITT M M, BUTERA P, et al. Gefapixant in two randomised dose-escalation studies in chronic cough [J]. Eur Respir J, 2020, 55(3).
34. SHEPHERD K L, JAMES A L, MUSK A W, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms are related to the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnoea [J]. J Sleep Res, 2011, 20(1 Pt 2): 241-9.
35. REDDEL H K, BACHARIER L B, BATEMAN E D, et al. Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 205(1): 17-35.
36. AGUSTí A, CELLI B R, CRINER G J, et al. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary [J]. Eur Respir J, 2023, 61(4).
37. RAGHU G, REMY-JARDIN M, RICHELDI L, et al. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (an Update) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults: An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 205(9): e18-e47.
38. GREEN B T, BROUGHTON W A, O'CONNOR J B. Marked improvement in nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux in a large cohort of patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2003, 163(1): 41-5.
39. KLOMPAS M, BRANSON R, CAWCUTT K, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated events, and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update[J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2022, 43(6): 687-713.
40. FLORIA D E, OBEIDAT M, KáVáSI S B, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: proton pump inhibitors slightly decrease the severity of chronic cough[J]. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 11956.
41. MASTRONARDE J G, ANTHONISEN N R, CASTRO M, et al. Efficacy of esomeprazole for treatment of poorly controlled asthma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009, 360(15): 1487-99.
42. HOLBROOK J T, WISE R A, GOLD B D, et al. Lansoprazole for children with poorly controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Jama, 2012, 307(4): 373-81.
43. ZHENG Z, LUO Y, LI J, et al. Randomised trials of proton pump inhibitors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in patients with asthma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. BMJ Open, 2021, 11(8): e043860.
44. LEE A L, GOLDSTEIN R S. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in COPD: links and risks[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2015, 10: 1935-49.
45. TERADA K, MURO S, SATO S, et al. Impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms on COPD exacerbation[J]. Thorax, 2008, 63(11): 951-5.
46. RASCON-AGUILAR I E, PAMER M, WLUDYKA P, et al. Role of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in exacerbations of COPD[J]. Chest, 2006, 130(4): 1096-101.
47. MCDONNELL M J, ALIBERTI S, GOEMINNE P C, et al. Comorbidities and the risk of mortality in patients with bronchiectasis: an international multicentre cohort study[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2016, 4(12): 969-79.
48. POLVERINO E, GOEMINNE P C, MCDONNELL M J, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis [J]. Eur Respir J, 2017, 50(3).
49. LEE J S, RYU J H, ELICKER B M, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 184(12): 1390-4.
50. KREUTER M, SPAGNOLO P, WUYTS W, et al. Antacid Therapy and Disease Progression in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Who Received Pirfenidone[J]. Respiration, 2017, 93(6): 415-23.
51. RAGHU G, PELLEGRINI C A, YOW E, et al. Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (WRAP-IPF): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 2 trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018, 6(9): 707-14.
52. HUA F, XIE H, WORTHINGTON H V, et al. Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 10(10): Cd008367.
53. BELAFSKY P C, POSTMA G N, KOUFMAN J A. The validity and reliability of the reflux finding score (RFS)[J]. Laryngoscope, 2001, 111(8): 1313-7.
54. BELAFSKY P C, POSTMA G N, KOUFMAN J A. Validity and reliability of the reflux symptom index (RSI)[J]. J Voice, 2002, 16(2): 274-7.
55. LECHIEN J R, BOBIN F, MULS V, et al. Validity and reliability of the reflux symptom score[J]. Laryngoscope, 2020, 130(3): E98-e107.
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