阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停患者持續氣道正壓通氣治療相關吞氣癥和胃食管反流_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

韓思璐 ,  馬迎民

首都醫科大學附屬北京朝陽醫院（北京 100043）;

Corresponding?author：

馬迎民, Email: ma.yingmin@163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.201708040

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Citation： 韓思璐, 馬迎民. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停患者持續氣道正壓通氣治療相關吞氣癥和胃食管反流. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2018, 17(6): 639-643. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.201708040 Copy

1.	Summaries for patients: diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med, 2014, 161(3): I-28.
2.	Heinzer R, Vat S, Marques P, et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the hypnolaus study. Lancet Respir Med, 2015, 3(4): 310-318.
3.	Moyer CA, Sonnad SS, Garetz SL, et al. Quality of life in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review of the literature. Sleep Med, 2001, 2(6): 477-491.
4.	Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(9): 1217-1239.
5.	Tregear S, Reston J, Schoelles K, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of motor vehicle crash: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med, 2009, 5(6): 573-581.
6.	Giles TL, Lasserson TJ, Smith BJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006, (1): CD001106.
7.	Shirlaw T, Hanssen K, Duce B, et al. A randomized crossover trial comparing autotitrating and continuous positive airway pressure in subjects with symptoms of aerophagia: effects on compliance and subjective symptoms. J Clin Sleep Med, 2017, 13(7): 881-888.
8.	Watson NF, Mystkowski SK. Aerophagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients using continuous positive airway pressure: a preliminary observation. J Clin Sleep Med, 2008, 4(5): 434-438.
9.	Lander M, Johansson MS, Ewaldh AE, et al. Side effects to continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea: changes over time and association to adherence. Sleep Breath, 2014, 18(4): 799-807.
10.	Peppriell JE, Bacon DR. Acute abdominal compartment syndrome with pulseless electrical activity during colonoscopy with conscious sedation. J Clin Anesth, 2000, 12(3): 216-219.
11.	Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Delvaux M, et al. Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Revista De Gastroenterologia De Mexico, 2010, 75(4): 511-516.
12.	Mayoralas AS, Gómez Mendieta MA, Díaz LS. Aerophagia due to noninvasive mechanical ventilation: a first manifestation of silent gastric carcinoma. Archivos De Bronconeumología, 2003, 39(7): 321-323.
13.	Shepherd K, Hillman D, Eastwood P. Symptoms of aerophagia are common in patients on continuous positive airway pressure therapy and are related to the presence of nighttime gastroesophageal reflux. J Clin Sleep Med, 2013, 9(1): 13-17.
14.	Antonelli M, Conti G. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as treatment for acute respiratory fail in critically ill patients. Crit Care, 2000, 4(1): 15-22.
15.	Robert D, Argaud L. Clinical review: long-term noninvasive ventilation. Crit Care, 2007, 11(2): 210.
16.	de Jesus LE, Cestari AB, Filho OC, et al. Pathologic aerophagia: a rare cause of chronic abdominal distension. Rev Paul Pediatr, 2015, 33(3): 372-376.
17.	Genta PR, Grad GF, Herculano S. Aerophagia during CPAP for OSA: the case for auto-CPAP and nasal mask. J Clin Sleep Med, 2017, 13(7): 859-860.
18.	Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Timmer R, et al. Psychological factors affect the frequency of belching in patients with aerophagia. Am J Gastroenterol, 2006, 101(12): 2777-2781.
19.	Hill NS. Complications of noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care, 2000, 45(5): 480-481.
20.	Smith I, Lasserson TJ. Pressure modification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, (4): CD003531.
21.	Andrade RG, Madeiro F, Genta PR, et al. Oronasal mask may compromise the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure on OSA treatment: is there evidence for avoiding the oronasal route?. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2016, 22(6): 555-562.
22.	Pacilli M, Chowdhury MM, Pierro A. The surgical treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux in neonates and infants. Semin Pediatric Surg, 2005, 14(1): 34-41.
23.	Bor S, Mandiracioglu A, Kitapcioglu G, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in a low-income region in Turkey. Am J Gastroenterol, 2005, 100(4): 759-765.
24.	Farup C, Kleinman L, Sloan S, et al. The impact of nocturnal symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease on health-related quality of life. Arch Intern Med, 2001, 161(1): 45-52.
25.	Green BT, Broughton WA, O'Connor JB. Marked improvement in nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux in a large cohort of patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Arch Intern Med, 2003, 163(1): 41-45.
26.	Vakil N, Van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol, 2006, 101(8): 1900-1920.
27.	Shepherd K, Hillman D, Holloway R, et al. Mechanisms of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux events in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath, 2011, 15(3): 561-570.
28.	Dickman R, Green C, Fass SS, et al. Relationships between sleep quality and pH monitoring findings in persons with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Sleep Med, 2007, 3(5): 505-513.
29.	Tawk M, Goodrich S, Kinasewitz G, et al. The effect of 1 week of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea patients with concomitant gastroesophageal reflux. Chest, 2006, 130(4): 1003-1008.
30.	Tamanna S, Campbell D, Warren R, et al. Effect of CPAP therapy on symptoms of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med, 2016, 12(9): 1257-1261.
31.	Shepherd KL, James AL, Musk AW, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms are related to the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res, 2011, 20(1 Pt 2): 241-249.
32.	Li YM, Du J, Zhang H, et al. Epidemiological investigation in outpatients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux from the Department of Medicine in Zhejiang Province, east China. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 23(2): 283-289.
33.	Wu JC, Mui LM, Cheung CM, et al. Obesity is associated with increased transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132(3): 883-889.
34.	Schallom M, Dykeman B, Metheny N, et al. Head-of-bed elevation and early outcomes of gastric reflux, aspiration and pressure ulcers: a feasibility study. Am J Crit Care, 2015, 24(1): 57-66.
35.	冷玉鑫, 張楠, 朱曦, 等. 抬高體位對機械通氣患者腹腔壓力和胃食管反流的綜合影響. 中國危重病急救醫學, 2011, 23(9): 534-538.
36.	Nwokediuko SC. Current trends in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a review. Isrn Gastroenterol, 2012, 2012: 391631.
37.	Zanation AM, Senior BA. The relationship between extraesophageal reflux and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev, 2005, 9(6): 453-458.
38.	Boeckxstaens GE, Denison H, Jensen JM, et al. Translational gastrointestinal pharmacology in the 21st century: the lesogaberan story. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2011, 11(6): 630-633.
39.	Shepherd KL, Holloway RH, Hillman DR, et al. The impact of continuous positive airway pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2007, 292(5): G1200-G1205.
40.	Kuribayashi S, Kusano YS, Maeda M, et al. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2010, 22(6): 611-e172.
41.	Hornby PJ, Abrahams TP. Central control of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Am J Med, 2000, 108 Suppl 4a: 90S-98S.
42.	Park H, Clark E, Cullen JJ, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the lower esophageal sphincter of the endotoxemic opossum. J Gastroenterol, 2002, 37(12): 1000-1004.
43.	Hirsch DP, Mathus-Vliegen EM, Dagli U, et al. Effect of prolonged gastric distention on lower esophageal sphincter function and gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol, 2003, 98(8): 1696-1704.
44.	Greene CL, Demeester SR. The lower esophageal sphincter: antireflux surgery. New York: Springer, 2015, 61-68.
45.	K?lbel CB, Rippel K, Klar H, et al. Esophageal motility disorders in critically ill patients: a 24-hour manometric study. Intensive Care Med, 2000, 26(10): 1421-1427.
46.	Shaker A, Magdy M. Frequency of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc, 2016, 65(4): 797-803.
47.	Zhou LY, Wang Y, Lu JJ, et al. Accuracy of diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease by GerdQ, esophageal impedance monitoring and histology. J Dig Dis, 2014, 15(5): 230-238.
48.	Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Sifrim D, et al. Aerophagia, gastric, and supragastric belching: a study using intraluminal electrical impedance monitoring. Gut, 2004, 53(11): 1561-1565.
49.	Weigt J, M?nkemüller K, Peitz U, et al. Multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH-metry for investigation of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis, 2007, 25(3): 179-182.
50.	Eherer A. Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Lifestyle Modification and Alternative Approaches. Dig Dis, 2014, 32(2): 149-151.
51.	De Keulenaer BL, De Backer A, Schepens DR, et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome related to noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med, 2003, 29(7): 1177-1181.
52.	Solomon AW, Bramall JC, Ball J. Underwater-seal nasogastric tube drainage to relieve gastric distension caused by air swallowing. Anaesthesia, 2011, 66(2): 124-126.
53.	Jiao H, Mei L, Liang C, et al. Upper esophageal sphincter augmentation reduces pharyngeal reflux in nasogastric tube-fed patients. Laryngoscope, 2018, 128(6): 1310-1315.
54.	Shaker R, Naini SR, Hafeezullah M, et al. A novel " UES” assist device for prevention of supine pharyngeal reflux of gastric content. Gastroenterology, 2011, 140(1): S-190.
55.	Cossentino MJ, Mann K, Armbruster SP, et al. Randomised clinical trial: the effect of baclofen in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux - a randomized prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 35(9): 1036-1044.
56.	Lidums I, Lehmann A, Checklin H, et al. Control of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABAB agonist Baclofen in normal subjects. Gastroenterology, 2000, 118(1): 7-13.
57.	Miner PB Jr, Silberg DG, Ruth M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of lesogaberan on reflux measures in patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. BMC Gastroenterology, 2014, 14: 188.
58.	Jacobs JW Jr, Richter JE. Role of H₂ RA and proton pump inhibitor therapy in treating reflux disease. In: Vaezi MF (ed.) Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016, 71-91.
59.	MacLaren R, Reynolds PM, Allen RR. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists vs proton pump inhibitors on gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage and infectious complications in the intensive care unit. JAMA Intern Med, 2014, 174(4): 564-574.

1. Summaries for patients: diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med, 2014, 161(3): I-28.
2. Heinzer R, Vat S, Marques P, et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the hypnolaus study. Lancet Respir Med, 2015, 3(4): 310-318.
3. Moyer CA, Sonnad SS, Garetz SL, et al. Quality of life in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review of the literature. Sleep Med, 2001, 2(6): 477-491.
4. Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 165(9): 1217-1239.
5. Tregear S, Reston J, Schoelles K, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of motor vehicle crash: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med, 2009, 5(6): 573-581.
6. Giles TL, Lasserson TJ, Smith BJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006, (1): CD001106.
7. Shirlaw T, Hanssen K, Duce B, et al. A randomized crossover trial comparing autotitrating and continuous positive airway pressure in subjects with symptoms of aerophagia: effects on compliance and subjective symptoms. J Clin Sleep Med, 2017, 13(7): 881-888.
8. Watson NF, Mystkowski SK. Aerophagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients using continuous positive airway pressure: a preliminary observation. J Clin Sleep Med, 2008, 4(5): 434-438.
9. Lander M, Johansson MS, Ewaldh AE, et al. Side effects to continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea: changes over time and association to adherence. Sleep Breath, 2014, 18(4): 799-807.
10. Peppriell JE, Bacon DR. Acute abdominal compartment syndrome with pulseless electrical activity during colonoscopy with conscious sedation. J Clin Anesth, 2000, 12(3): 216-219.
11. Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Delvaux M, et al. Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Revista De Gastroenterologia De Mexico, 2010, 75(4): 511-516.
12. Mayoralas AS, Gómez Mendieta MA, Díaz LS. Aerophagia due to noninvasive mechanical ventilation: a first manifestation of silent gastric carcinoma. Archivos De Bronconeumología, 2003, 39(7): 321-323.
13. Shepherd K, Hillman D, Eastwood P. Symptoms of aerophagia are common in patients on continuous positive airway pressure therapy and are related to the presence of nighttime gastroesophageal reflux. J Clin Sleep Med, 2013, 9(1): 13-17.
14. Antonelli M, Conti G. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as treatment for acute respiratory fail in critically ill patients. Crit Care, 2000, 4(1): 15-22.
15. Robert D, Argaud L. Clinical review: long-term noninvasive ventilation. Crit Care, 2007, 11(2): 210.
16. de Jesus LE, Cestari AB, Filho OC, et al. Pathologic aerophagia: a rare cause of chronic abdominal distension. Rev Paul Pediatr, 2015, 33(3): 372-376.
17. Genta PR, Grad GF, Herculano S. Aerophagia during CPAP for OSA: the case for auto-CPAP and nasal mask. J Clin Sleep Med, 2017, 13(7): 859-860.
18. Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Timmer R, et al. Psychological factors affect the frequency of belching in patients with aerophagia. Am J Gastroenterol, 2006, 101(12): 2777-2781.
19. Hill NS. Complications of noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care, 2000, 45(5): 480-481.
20. Smith I, Lasserson TJ. Pressure modification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, (4): CD003531.
21. Andrade RG, Madeiro F, Genta PR, et al. Oronasal mask may compromise the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure on OSA treatment: is there evidence for avoiding the oronasal route?. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2016, 22(6): 555-562.
22. Pacilli M, Chowdhury MM, Pierro A. The surgical treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux in neonates and infants. Semin Pediatric Surg, 2005, 14(1): 34-41.
23. Bor S, Mandiracioglu A, Kitapcioglu G, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in a low-income region in Turkey. Am J Gastroenterol, 2005, 100(4): 759-765.
24. Farup C, Kleinman L, Sloan S, et al. The impact of nocturnal symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease on health-related quality of life. Arch Intern Med, 2001, 161(1): 45-52.
25. Green BT, Broughton WA, O'Connor JB. Marked improvement in nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux in a large cohort of patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Arch Intern Med, 2003, 163(1): 41-45.
26. Vakil N, Van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol, 2006, 101(8): 1900-1920.
27. Shepherd K, Hillman D, Holloway R, et al. Mechanisms of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux events in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath, 2011, 15(3): 561-570.
28. Dickman R, Green C, Fass SS, et al. Relationships between sleep quality and pH monitoring findings in persons with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Sleep Med, 2007, 3(5): 505-513.
29. Tawk M, Goodrich S, Kinasewitz G, et al. The effect of 1 week of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea patients with concomitant gastroesophageal reflux. Chest, 2006, 130(4): 1003-1008.
30. Tamanna S, Campbell D, Warren R, et al. Effect of CPAP therapy on symptoms of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med, 2016, 12(9): 1257-1261.
31. Shepherd KL, James AL, Musk AW, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms are related to the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res, 2011, 20(1 Pt 2): 241-249.
32. Li YM, Du J, Zhang H, et al. Epidemiological investigation in outpatients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux from the Department of Medicine in Zhejiang Province, east China. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 23(2): 283-289.
33. Wu JC, Mui LM, Cheung CM, et al. Obesity is associated with increased transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132(3): 883-889.
34. Schallom M, Dykeman B, Metheny N, et al. Head-of-bed elevation and early outcomes of gastric reflux, aspiration and pressure ulcers: a feasibility study. Am J Crit Care, 2015, 24(1): 57-66.
35. 冷玉鑫, 張楠, 朱曦, 等. 抬高體位對機械通氣患者腹腔壓力和胃食管反流的綜合影響. 中國危重病急救醫學, 2011, 23(9): 534-538.
36. Nwokediuko SC. Current trends in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a review. Isrn Gastroenterol, 2012, 2012: 391631.
37. Zanation AM, Senior BA. The relationship between extraesophageal reflux and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev, 2005, 9(6): 453-458.
38. Boeckxstaens GE, Denison H, Jensen JM, et al. Translational gastrointestinal pharmacology in the 21st century: the lesogaberan story. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2011, 11(6): 630-633.
39. Shepherd KL, Holloway RH, Hillman DR, et al. The impact of continuous positive airway pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2007, 292(5): G1200-G1205.
40. Kuribayashi S, Kusano YS, Maeda M, et al. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2010, 22(6): 611-e172.
41. Hornby PJ, Abrahams TP. Central control of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Am J Med, 2000, 108 Suppl 4a: 90S-98S.
42. Park H, Clark E, Cullen JJ, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the lower esophageal sphincter of the endotoxemic opossum. J Gastroenterol, 2002, 37(12): 1000-1004.
43. Hirsch DP, Mathus-Vliegen EM, Dagli U, et al. Effect of prolonged gastric distention on lower esophageal sphincter function and gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol, 2003, 98(8): 1696-1704.
44. Greene CL, Demeester SR. The lower esophageal sphincter: antireflux surgery. New York: Springer, 2015, 61-68.
45. K?lbel CB, Rippel K, Klar H, et al. Esophageal motility disorders in critically ill patients: a 24-hour manometric study. Intensive Care Med, 2000, 26(10): 1421-1427.
46. Shaker A, Magdy M. Frequency of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc, 2016, 65(4): 797-803.
47. Zhou LY, Wang Y, Lu JJ, et al. Accuracy of diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease by GerdQ, esophageal impedance monitoring and histology. J Dig Dis, 2014, 15(5): 230-238.
48. Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Sifrim D, et al. Aerophagia, gastric, and supragastric belching: a study using intraluminal electrical impedance monitoring. Gut, 2004, 53(11): 1561-1565.
49. Weigt J, M?nkemüller K, Peitz U, et al. Multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH-metry for investigation of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis, 2007, 25(3): 179-182.
50. Eherer A. Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Lifestyle Modification and Alternative Approaches. Dig Dis, 2014, 32(2): 149-151.
51. De Keulenaer BL, De Backer A, Schepens DR, et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome related to noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med, 2003, 29(7): 1177-1181.
52. Solomon AW, Bramall JC, Ball J. Underwater-seal nasogastric tube drainage to relieve gastric distension caused by air swallowing. Anaesthesia, 2011, 66(2): 124-126.
53. Jiao H, Mei L, Liang C, et al. Upper esophageal sphincter augmentation reduces pharyngeal reflux in nasogastric tube-fed patients. Laryngoscope, 2018, 128(6): 1310-1315.
54. Shaker R, Naini SR, Hafeezullah M, et al. A novel " UES” assist device for prevention of supine pharyngeal reflux of gastric content. Gastroenterology, 2011, 140(1): S-190.
55. Cossentino MJ, Mann K, Armbruster SP, et al. Randomised clinical trial: the effect of baclofen in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux - a randomized prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 35(9): 1036-1044.
56. Lidums I, Lehmann A, Checklin H, et al. Control of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABAB agonist Baclofen in normal subjects. Gastroenterology, 2000, 118(1): 7-13.
57. Miner PB Jr, Silberg DG, Ruth M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of lesogaberan on reflux measures in patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. BMC Gastroenterology, 2014, 14: 188.
58. Jacobs JW Jr, Richter JE. Role of H₂ RA and proton pump inhibitor therapy in treating reflux disease. In: Vaezi MF (ed.) Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016, 71-91.
59. MacLaren R, Reynolds PM, Allen RR. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists vs proton pump inhibitors on gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage and infectious complications in the intensive care unit. JAMA Intern Med, 2014, 174(4): 564-574.

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阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停患者持續氣道正壓通氣治療相關吞氣癥和胃食管反流

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