2025 Multidisciplinary International Working Group Consensus Practice Guidelines: Sacroiliac joint complex pain interpretation_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

CHEN Siwei , YANG Zuyuan , ZHANG Jingyi , Lü Bo , ZHANG Yueqi ,  HAN Ning

Department of Trauma Medicine, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

HAN Ning, Email: smztmp@126.com

Keywords：

Sacroiliac joint; radiofrequency ablation; minimally invasive fusion; corticosteroid injection; provocation test

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202603078

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Over the past two decades, significant advancements have been achieved in the diagnosis and treatment of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) complex pain. These advances include anatomical studies elucidating the neural innervation mechanisms, research clarifying the impacts of extra-articular factors on SIJ complex pain, and the clinical application of radiofrequency ablation as well as a wide spectrum of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Nevertheless, a unified standardized protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of SIJ complex pain remains to be established. In 2025, the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA-PM) convened 27 professional organizations to revise and promulgate multidisciplinary clinical practice guideline for SIJ complex pain. This article conducts a comprehensive interpretation of the aforementioned guideline, compares it with relevant expert consensus documents in China, analyzes the consistencies and divergences in their diagnosis and treatment, and provides a reference for clinical practice.

Citation： CHEN Siwei, YANG Zuyuan, ZHANG Jingyi, Lü Bo, ZHANG Yueqi, HAN Ning. 2025 Multidisciplinary International Working Group Consensus Practice Guidelines: Sacroiliac joint complex pain interpretation. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2026, 40(7): 1024-1030. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202603078 Copy

1.	Cohen SP, Chen Y, Neufeld NJ. Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother, 2013, 13(1): 99-116.
2.	Kennedy DJ, Engel A, Kreiner DS, et al. Fluoroscopically guided diagnostic and therapeutic intra-articular sacroiliac joint injections: A systematic review. Pain Med, 2015, 16(8): 1500-1518.
3.	中華醫學會疼痛學分會脊柱源性疼痛學組. 骶髂關節痛診療中國專家共識. 中國疼痛醫學雜志, 2021, 27(2): 87-93.
4.	Zhu W, Zhao Q, Ma R, et al. Anatomical study of the innervation of different parts of the posterior ligamentous region of the sacroiliac joint. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2021, 46(5): 410-415.
5.	Cox RC, Fortin JD. The anatomy of the lateral branches of the sacral dorsal rami: implications for radiofrequency ablation. Pain Physician, 2014, 17(5): 459-464.
6.	Roberts SL, Burnham RS, Ravichandiran K, et al. Cadaveric study of sacroiliac joint innervation: implications for diagnostic blocks and radiofrequency ablation. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(6): 456-464.
7.	Ivanov AA, Kiapour A, Ebraheim NA, et al. Lumbar fusion leads to increases in angular motion and stress across sacroiliac joint: a finite element study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2009, 34(5): E162-E169.
8.	Ebraheim NA, Elgafy H, Semaan HB. Computed tomographic findings in patients with persistent sacroiliac pain after posterior iliac graft harvesting. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2000, 25(16): 2047-2051.
9.	Saueressig T, Owen PJ, Diemer F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of clusters of pain provocation tests for detecting sacroiliac joint pain: Systematic review with meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2021, 51(9): 422-431.
10.	Fortin JD, Falco FJ. The Fortin finger test: an indicator of sacroiliac pain. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ), 1997, 26(7): 477-480.
11.	Murakami E, Aizawa T, Noguchi K, et al. Diagram specific to sacroiliac joint pain site indicated by one-finger test. J Orthop Sci, 2008, 13(6): 492-497.
12.	Cox M, Ng G, Mashriqi F, et al. Innervation of the anterior sac roiliac joint. World Neurosurg, 2017, 107: 750-752.
13.	Dreyfuss P, Henning T, Malladi N, et al. The ability of multi-site, multi-depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex. Pain Med, 2009, 10(4): 679-688.
14.	Szadek KM, Hoogland PV, Zuurmond WW, et al. Nociceptive nerve fibers in the sacroiliac joint in humans. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2008, 33(1): 36-43.
15.	Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1995, 20(1): 31-37.
16.	Fortin JD, Washington WJ, Falco FJ. Three pathways between the sacroiliac joint and neural structures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1999, 20(8): 1429-1434.
17.	Maigne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J, 1998, 7(4): 328-331.
18.	Elgafy H, Semaan HB, Ebraheim NA, et al. Computed tomography findings in patients with sacroiliac pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2001, (382): 112-118.
19.	Fritz J, Henes JC, Thomas C, et al. Diagnostic and interventional MRI of the sacroiliac joints using a 1.5-T open-bore magnet: a one-stop-shopping approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2008, 191(6): 1717-1724.
20.	Cusi M, Saunders J, Van der Wall H, et al. Metabolic disturbances identified by SPECT-CT in patients with a clinical diagnosis of sacroiliac joint incompetence. Eur Spine J, 2013, 22(7): 1674-1682.
21.	Fortin JD, Aprill CN, Ponthieux B, et al. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Part Ⅱ: Clinical evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1994, 19(13): 1483-1489.
22.	Fortin JD, Dwyer AP, West S, et al. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Part Ⅰ: Asymptomatic volunteers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1994, 19(13): 1475-1482.
23.	Engel A, MacVicar J, Bogduk N. A philosophical foundation for diagnostic blocks, with criteria for their validation. Pain Med, 2014, 15(6): 998-1006.
24.	Slipman CW, Lipetz JS, Plastaras CT, et al. Fluoroscopically guided therapeutic sacroiliac joint injections for sacroiliac joint syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2001, 80(6): 425-432.
25.	Cohen SP, Bicket MC, Kurihara C, et al. Fluoroscopically guided vs landmark-guided sacroiliac joint injections: A randomized controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc, 2019, 94(4): 628-642.
26.	Stelzer W, Stelzer D, Stelzer E, et al. Success rate of intra-articular sacroiliac joint injection: Fluoroscopy vs ultrasound guidance—a cadaveric study. Pain Med, 2019, 20(10): 1890-1897.
27.	Pekkafahli MZ, Kiralp MZ, Ba?ekim CC, et al. Sacroiliac joint injections performed with sonographic guidance. J Ultrasound Med, 2003, 22(6): 553-559.
28.	Bessar AAA, Arnaout MM, Basha MAA, et al. Computed tomography versus fluoroscopic guided-sacroiliac joint injection: a prospective comparative study. Insights Imaging, 2021, 12(1): 38. doi: 10.1186/s13244-021-00982-y.
29.	Kreiner DS, Matz P, Bono CM, et al. Guideline summary review: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Spine J, 2020, 20(7): 998-1024.
30.	Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of physicians. Ann Intern Med, 2017, 166(7): 514-530.
31.	黃海龍, 黃曉琳. 骶髂關節疼痛的非手術治療進展. 中國骨與關節雜志, 2016, 5(2): 145-148.
32.	中華醫學會疼痛學分會. 射頻治療技術疼痛科專家共識. 中華醫學雜志, 2019, 99(45): 3547-3553.
33.	Enthoven WT, Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 2(2): CD012087. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012087.
34.	Jones CMP, Day RO, Koes BW, et al. Opioid analgesia for acute low back pain and neck pain (the OPAL trial): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2023, 402(10398): 304-312.
35.	Chou R, Deyo R, Friedly J, et al. Systemic Pharmacologic Therapies for low back pain: A systematic review for an American College of physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med, 2017, 166(7): 480-492.
36.	Zheng P, Schneider BJ, Yang A, et al. Image-guided sacroiliac joint injections: an evidence-based review of best practices and clinical outcomes. PM R, 2019, 11 Suppl 1: S98-S104.
37.	Roberts SL. Sacroiliac joint anatomy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2021, 32(4): 703-724.
38.	Tantawy MF, Nazim WM. Comparison between intra-articular and combined intra- and periarticular sacroiliac injection: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg Sci, 2024, 68(3): 294-300.
39.	Luukkainen R, Nissil? M, Asikainen E, et al. Periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1999, 17(1): 88-90.
40.	Luukkainen RK, Wennerstrand PV, Kautiainen HH, et al. Efficacy of periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in non-spondylarthropathic patients with chronic low back pain in the region of the sacroiliac joint. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2002, 20(1): 52-54.
41.	Bouvard B, Legrand E, Audran M, et al. Glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis: A Review. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab, 2010, 8: 15-26.
42.	Kim WM, Lee HG, Jeong CW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intra-articular prolotherapy versus steroid injection for sacroiliac joint pain. J Altern Complement Med, 2010, 16(12): 1285-1290.
43.	Singla V, Batra YK, Bharti N, et al. Steroid vs. platelet-rich plasma in ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection for chronic low back pain. Pain Pract, 2017, 17(6): 782-791.
44.	Chen AS, Solberg J, Smith C, et al. Intra-articular platelet rich plasma vs corticosteroid injections for sacroiliac joint pain: A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Pain Med, 2022, 23(7): 1266-1271.
45.	Zhou L, Kambin P, Casey KF, et al. Mechanism research of cryoanalgesia. Neurol Res, 1995, 17(4): 307-311.
46.	Sahoo RK, Das G, Pathak L, et al. Cryoneurolysis of innervation to sacroiliac joints: Technical description and initial results—A case series. A A Pract, 2021, 15(4): e01427. doi: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000001427.
47.	Yang AJ, Wagner G, Burnham T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for chronic posterior sacroiliac joint complex pain: A comprehensive review. Pain Med, 2021, 22(Suppl 1): S9-S13.
48.	Cohen SP, Wallace M, Rauck RL, et al. Unique aspects of clinical trials of invasive therapies for chronic pain. Pain Rep, 2018, 4(3): e687. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000687.
49.	Cohen SP, Wang EJ, Roybal A, et al. Factors predicting outcomes from chronic pain management interventions. BMJ Med, 2025, 4(1): e001143. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2024-001143.
50.	Illeez OG, At?c? A, Ulger EB, et al. The transitional vertebra and sacroiliac joint dysfunction association. Eur Spine J, 2018, 27(1): 187-193.
51.	Roberts SL, Stout A, Loh EY, et al. Anatomical comparison of radiofrequency ablation techniques for sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Med, 2018, 19(10): 1924-1943.
52.	Stout A, Dreyfuss P, Swain N, et al. Proposed optimal fluoroscopic targets for cooled radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacral lateral branches to improve clinical outcomes: An anatomical study. Pain Med, 2018, 19(10): 1916-1923.
53.	De Andrés Ares J, Gilsanz F. Randomized pragmatic pilot trial comparing perpendicular thin electrode versus parallel thick electrode approaches for lumbar medial branch neurotomy in facetogenic low back pain. Pain Pract, 2020, 20(8): 889-907.
54.	Vanneste T, Belba A, Kallewaard JW, et al. Comparison of cooled versus conventional radiofrequency treatment of the genicular nerves for chronic knee pain: a multicenter non-inferiority randomized pilot trial (COCOGEN trial). Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2023, 48(5): 197-204.
55.	De Salvatore S, Russo F, Vadalà G, et al. Interventional treatments for low back pain due to sacroiliac joint dysfunction: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J, 2024, 33(4): 1407-1423.
56.	Bautista A, Dadabayev A, Rosenquist E, et al. Bipolar radiofrequency neurotomy to treat neck and back pain in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pain Physician, 2016, 19(3): E505-E509.
57.	Endres S, Shufelt A, Bogduk N. The risks of continuing or discontinuing anticoagulants for patients undergoing common interventional pain procedures. Pain Med, 2017, 18(3): 403-409.
58.	Dengler J, Kools D, Pflugmacher R, et al. Randomized trial of sacroiliac joint arthrodesis compared with conservative management for chronic low back pain attributed to the sacroiliac joint. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2019, 101(5): 400-411.
59.	Sachs D, Capobianco R. One year successful outcomes for novel sacroiliac joint arthrodesis system. Ann Surg Innov Res, 2012, 6(1): 13. doi: 10.1186/1750-1164-6-13.
60.	Dengler J, Sturesson B, Kools D, et al. Referred leg pain originating from the sacroiliac joint: 6-month outcomes from the prospective randomized controlled iMIA trial. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2016, 158(11): 2219-2224.
61.	Ledonio CG, Polly DW Jr, Swiontkowski MF. Minimally invasive versus open sacroiliac joint fusion: are they similarly safe and effective? Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2014, 472(6): 1831-1838.

1. Cohen SP, Chen Y, Neufeld NJ. Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother, 2013, 13(1): 99-116.
2. Kennedy DJ, Engel A, Kreiner DS, et al. Fluoroscopically guided diagnostic and therapeutic intra-articular sacroiliac joint injections: A systematic review. Pain Med, 2015, 16(8): 1500-1518.
3. 中華醫學會疼痛學分會脊柱源性疼痛學組. 骶髂關節痛診療中國專家共識. 中國疼痛醫學雜志, 2021, 27(2): 87-93.
4. Zhu W, Zhao Q, Ma R, et al. Anatomical study of the innervation of different parts of the posterior ligamentous region of the sacroiliac joint. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2021, 46(5): 410-415.
5. Cox RC, Fortin JD. The anatomy of the lateral branches of the sacral dorsal rami: implications for radiofrequency ablation. Pain Physician, 2014, 17(5): 459-464.
6. Roberts SL, Burnham RS, Ravichandiran K, et al. Cadaveric study of sacroiliac joint innervation: implications for diagnostic blocks and radiofrequency ablation. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(6): 456-464.
7. Ivanov AA, Kiapour A, Ebraheim NA, et al. Lumbar fusion leads to increases in angular motion and stress across sacroiliac joint: a finite element study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2009, 34(5): E162-E169.
8. Ebraheim NA, Elgafy H, Semaan HB. Computed tomographic findings in patients with persistent sacroiliac pain after posterior iliac graft harvesting. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2000, 25(16): 2047-2051.
9. Saueressig T, Owen PJ, Diemer F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of clusters of pain provocation tests for detecting sacroiliac joint pain: Systematic review with meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2021, 51(9): 422-431.
10. Fortin JD, Falco FJ. The Fortin finger test: an indicator of sacroiliac pain. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ), 1997, 26(7): 477-480.
11. Murakami E, Aizawa T, Noguchi K, et al. Diagram specific to sacroiliac joint pain site indicated by one-finger test. J Orthop Sci, 2008, 13(6): 492-497.
12. Cox M, Ng G, Mashriqi F, et al. Innervation of the anterior sac roiliac joint. World Neurosurg, 2017, 107: 750-752.
13. Dreyfuss P, Henning T, Malladi N, et al. The ability of multi-site, multi-depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex. Pain Med, 2009, 10(4): 679-688.
14. Szadek KM, Hoogland PV, Zuurmond WW, et al. Nociceptive nerve fibers in the sacroiliac joint in humans. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2008, 33(1): 36-43.
15. Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1995, 20(1): 31-37.
16. Fortin JD, Washington WJ, Falco FJ. Three pathways between the sacroiliac joint and neural structures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1999, 20(8): 1429-1434.
17. Maigne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J, 1998, 7(4): 328-331.
18. Elgafy H, Semaan HB, Ebraheim NA, et al. Computed tomography findings in patients with sacroiliac pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2001, (382): 112-118.
19. Fritz J, Henes JC, Thomas C, et al. Diagnostic and interventional MRI of the sacroiliac joints using a 1.5-T open-bore magnet: a one-stop-shopping approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2008, 191(6): 1717-1724.
20. Cusi M, Saunders J, Van der Wall H, et al. Metabolic disturbances identified by SPECT-CT in patients with a clinical diagnosis of sacroiliac joint incompetence. Eur Spine J, 2013, 22(7): 1674-1682.
21. Fortin JD, Aprill CN, Ponthieux B, et al. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Part Ⅱ: Clinical evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1994, 19(13): 1483-1489.
22. Fortin JD, Dwyer AP, West S, et al. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Part Ⅰ: Asymptomatic volunteers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1994, 19(13): 1475-1482.
23. Engel A, MacVicar J, Bogduk N. A philosophical foundation for diagnostic blocks, with criteria for their validation. Pain Med, 2014, 15(6): 998-1006.
24. Slipman CW, Lipetz JS, Plastaras CT, et al. Fluoroscopically guided therapeutic sacroiliac joint injections for sacroiliac joint syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2001, 80(6): 425-432.
25. Cohen SP, Bicket MC, Kurihara C, et al. Fluoroscopically guided vs landmark-guided sacroiliac joint injections: A randomized controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc, 2019, 94(4): 628-642.
26. Stelzer W, Stelzer D, Stelzer E, et al. Success rate of intra-articular sacroiliac joint injection: Fluoroscopy vs ultrasound guidance—a cadaveric study. Pain Med, 2019, 20(10): 1890-1897.
27. Pekkafahli MZ, Kiralp MZ, Ba?ekim CC, et al. Sacroiliac joint injections performed with sonographic guidance. J Ultrasound Med, 2003, 22(6): 553-559.
28. Bessar AAA, Arnaout MM, Basha MAA, et al. Computed tomography versus fluoroscopic guided-sacroiliac joint injection: a prospective comparative study. Insights Imaging, 2021, 12(1): 38. doi: 10.1186/s13244-021-00982-y.
29. Kreiner DS, Matz P, Bono CM, et al. Guideline summary review: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Spine J, 2020, 20(7): 998-1024.
30. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of physicians. Ann Intern Med, 2017, 166(7): 514-530.
31. 黃海龍, 黃曉琳. 骶髂關節疼痛的非手術治療進展. 中國骨與關節雜志, 2016, 5(2): 145-148.
32. 中華醫學會疼痛學分會. 射頻治療技術疼痛科專家共識. 中華醫學雜志, 2019, 99(45): 3547-3553.
33. Enthoven WT, Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 2(2): CD012087. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012087.
34. Jones CMP, Day RO, Koes BW, et al. Opioid analgesia for acute low back pain and neck pain (the OPAL trial): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2023, 402(10398): 304-312.
35. Chou R, Deyo R, Friedly J, et al. Systemic Pharmacologic Therapies for low back pain: A systematic review for an American College of physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med, 2017, 166(7): 480-492.
36. Zheng P, Schneider BJ, Yang A, et al. Image-guided sacroiliac joint injections: an evidence-based review of best practices and clinical outcomes. PM R, 2019, 11 Suppl 1: S98-S104.
37. Roberts SL. Sacroiliac joint anatomy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2021, 32(4): 703-724.
38. Tantawy MF, Nazim WM. Comparison between intra-articular and combined intra- and periarticular sacroiliac injection: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg Sci, 2024, 68(3): 294-300.
39. Luukkainen R, Nissil? M, Asikainen E, et al. Periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1999, 17(1): 88-90.
40. Luukkainen RK, Wennerstrand PV, Kautiainen HH, et al. Efficacy of periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in non-spondylarthropathic patients with chronic low back pain in the region of the sacroiliac joint. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2002, 20(1): 52-54.
41. Bouvard B, Legrand E, Audran M, et al. Glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis: A Review. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab, 2010, 8: 15-26.
42. Kim WM, Lee HG, Jeong CW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intra-articular prolotherapy versus steroid injection for sacroiliac joint pain. J Altern Complement Med, 2010, 16(12): 1285-1290.
43. Singla V, Batra YK, Bharti N, et al. Steroid vs. platelet-rich plasma in ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection for chronic low back pain. Pain Pract, 2017, 17(6): 782-791.
44. Chen AS, Solberg J, Smith C, et al. Intra-articular platelet rich plasma vs corticosteroid injections for sacroiliac joint pain: A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Pain Med, 2022, 23(7): 1266-1271.
45. Zhou L, Kambin P, Casey KF, et al. Mechanism research of cryoanalgesia. Neurol Res, 1995, 17(4): 307-311.
46. Sahoo RK, Das G, Pathak L, et al. Cryoneurolysis of innervation to sacroiliac joints: Technical description and initial results—A case series. A A Pract, 2021, 15(4): e01427. doi: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000001427.
47. Yang AJ, Wagner G, Burnham T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for chronic posterior sacroiliac joint complex pain: A comprehensive review. Pain Med, 2021, 22(Suppl 1): S9-S13.
48. Cohen SP, Wallace M, Rauck RL, et al. Unique aspects of clinical trials of invasive therapies for chronic pain. Pain Rep, 2018, 4(3): e687. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000687.
49. Cohen SP, Wang EJ, Roybal A, et al. Factors predicting outcomes from chronic pain management interventions. BMJ Med, 2025, 4(1): e001143. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2024-001143.
50. Illeez OG, At?c? A, Ulger EB, et al. The transitional vertebra and sacroiliac joint dysfunction association. Eur Spine J, 2018, 27(1): 187-193.
51. Roberts SL, Stout A, Loh EY, et al. Anatomical comparison of radiofrequency ablation techniques for sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Med, 2018, 19(10): 1924-1943.
52. Stout A, Dreyfuss P, Swain N, et al. Proposed optimal fluoroscopic targets for cooled radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacral lateral branches to improve clinical outcomes: An anatomical study. Pain Med, 2018, 19(10): 1916-1923.
53. De Andrés Ares J, Gilsanz F. Randomized pragmatic pilot trial comparing perpendicular thin electrode versus parallel thick electrode approaches for lumbar medial branch neurotomy in facetogenic low back pain. Pain Pract, 2020, 20(8): 889-907.
54. Vanneste T, Belba A, Kallewaard JW, et al. Comparison of cooled versus conventional radiofrequency treatment of the genicular nerves for chronic knee pain: a multicenter non-inferiority randomized pilot trial (COCOGEN trial). Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2023, 48(5): 197-204.
55. De Salvatore S, Russo F, Vadalà G, et al. Interventional treatments for low back pain due to sacroiliac joint dysfunction: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J, 2024, 33(4): 1407-1423.
56. Bautista A, Dadabayev A, Rosenquist E, et al. Bipolar radiofrequency neurotomy to treat neck and back pain in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pain Physician, 2016, 19(3): E505-E509.
57. Endres S, Shufelt A, Bogduk N. The risks of continuing or discontinuing anticoagulants for patients undergoing common interventional pain procedures. Pain Med, 2017, 18(3): 403-409.
58. Dengler J, Kools D, Pflugmacher R, et al. Randomized trial of sacroiliac joint arthrodesis compared with conservative management for chronic low back pain attributed to the sacroiliac joint. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2019, 101(5): 400-411.
59. Sachs D, Capobianco R. One year successful outcomes for novel sacroiliac joint arthrodesis system. Ann Surg Innov Res, 2012, 6(1): 13. doi: 10.1186/1750-1164-6-13.
60. Dengler J, Sturesson B, Kools D, et al. Referred leg pain originating from the sacroiliac joint: 6-month outcomes from the prospective randomized controlled iMIA trial. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2016, 158(11): 2219-2224.
61. Ledonio CG, Polly DW Jr, Swiontkowski MF. Minimally invasive versus open sacroiliac joint fusion: are they similarly safe and effective? Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2014, 472(6): 1831-1838.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

2025 Multidisciplinary International Working Group Consensus Practice Guidelines: Sacroiliac joint complex pain interpretation

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