Survey on the current status of healthcare-associated infection management in medical institutions of Shanghai_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

JIANG Yizhou ¹ , ZHANG Liang ¹ , GAO Xiaodong ^2,3,4 , SHI Qingfeng ^2,3 , LU Ying ¹ , LIN Jiabing ^2,3,4 ,  CHEN Xiang ^2,3 ,  GE Maojun ^5,6

1. Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China;
2. Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China;
3. Institute of Hospital Infection and Control, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China;
4. Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China;
5. Department of Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, P, R. China;
6. Big Data Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

CHEN Xiang, Email: chen.xiang@zs-hospital.sh.cn; GE Maojun, Email: Maojun.ge@sgyy.cn

Keywords：

Healthcare-associated infection management; medical institutions; cross-section survey

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202601159

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Objective To investigate the current status of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) management in medical institutions in Shanghai, analyze the implementation of HAI surveillance indicators, and provide evidence to support the improvement of refined and scientific HAI management. Methods Using the Shanghai Three-Network Linkage Platform, a survey was conducted from April to May 2025 covering HAI management practices in the preceding year at medical institutions in Shanghai. Investigation and analysis were conducted on the HAI information systems, staffing of infection prevention and control (IPC) professionals, and implementation of HAI surveillance indicators. Results A total of 56 medical institutions in 16 administrative districts of Shanghai were surveyed. Among them, there were 45 tertiary medical institutions and 11 secondary medical institutions. There were 48 comprehensive medical institutions and 8 specialized medical institutions. All 56 medical institutions had established fully functional HAI information systems (100.0%). The structure and training compliance of IPC personnel were generally satisfactory; however, 4 institutions (7.1%) had insufficient IPC staffing levels. No statistically significant differences were observed between tertiary and secondary hospitals in the scores for implementation of HAI surveillance indicators (P>0.05). In contrast, significant differences were found between general and specialty hospitals in scores for rates of three types of device-associated infections (P=0.005) and hand hygiene compliance (P=0.041). After standardization of indicator implementation scores, the five lowest-scoring indicators requiring priority attention were, in descending order: blood culture submission rate for patients with pneumonia and fever ≥38.5°C; blood culture submission rate for patients with central venous catheters retained for ≥5 days; timing of perioperative prophylactic antimicrobial use for Class Ⅰ surgical incisions; catheter-related urinary tract infection incidence; and consumption of liquid soap and alcohol-based hand rub in wards. Conclusions Overall, HAI information system construction and management frameworks in Shanghai medical institutions are well established and functioning effectively. Nevertheless, gaps remain in IPC staffing allocation and in the clinical implementation of certain core HAI surveillance indicators. Continued efforts are required to advance the standardization and refinement of HAI management.

Citation： JIANG Yizhou, ZHANG Liang, GAO Xiaodong, SHI Qingfeng, LU Ying, LIN Jiabing, CHEN Xiang, GE Maojun. Survey on the current status of healthcare-associated infection management in medical institutions of Shanghai. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(3): 411-416. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202601159 Copy

1.	Reedy JM, Fernando T, Awuor OS, et al. Global health alert: racing to control antimicrobial-resistant Candida auris and healthcare waste disinfection using UVC LED technology. Hygiene, 2024, 4(3): 385-422.
2.	Giraldi G, Montesano M, Napoli C, et al. Healthcare-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms: a surveillance study on extra hospital stay and direct costs. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2019, 20(8): 643-652.
3.	李鑫, 陳靜. 基于 PDCA 循環的醫院感染管理質量改進實踐. 中國衛生產業, 2025, 22(23): 148-151.
4.	Storr J, Twyman A, Zingg W, et al. Core components for effective infection prevention and control programmes: new WHO evidence-based recommendations. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2017, 10(6): 6.
5.	路寧維, 黨曉茹, 梁沛楓, 等. 醫院感染風險分層評估體系的建立與應用. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2024, 34(3): 432-437.
6.	Liu Y, Cheng Y, Sun X, et al. Implementation of a SMART-based infection control plan in an emergency intensive care unit: a prospective study. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 20001.
7.	侯冷晨, 王鵬, 錢香玲, 等. 上海市公立醫院醫院感染管理現狀調查. 中國感染控制雜志, 2021, 20(11): 1016-1021.
8.	黃麗華, 劉嬌, 潘澤韜, 等. 基于多源數據融合的醫院感染全流程質控閉環管理云平臺的建設方法與應用. 中國感染控制雜志, 2025, 24(10): 1478-1486.
9.	Fabre V, Secaira C, Herzig C, et al. Contextual barriers to infection prevention and control program implementation in hospitals in Latin America: a mixed methods evaluation. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2024, 13(1): 132.
10.	中華人民共和國國家衛生健康委員會. 醫院感染管理信息系統基本功能標準 WS/T 547—2025, 2025.
11.	醫院感染監測標準 WS/T 312-2023. 中國感染控制雜志, 2023, 22(9): 1129-1142.
12.	寧艷陽. 上海: “三網”聯動打造抗菌藥物管理新模式. 中國衛生, 2024(1): 79-80.
13.	茅一萍, 劉芳, 祁琪, 等. 我國醫療機構感染監控信息化系統發展概況. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2025, 35(1): 151-155.
14.	Poirier E, Boulanger V, MacLaurin A, et al. National healthcare-associated infections surveillance programs: a scoping review. Can Commun Dis Rep, 2022, 48(7/8): 340-349.
15.	Zhang N, Wu Q, Li S, et al. Trends and inequality of human resource in centers for disease control and prevention in China from 2019 to 2023. Front Public Health, 2025, 13: 1553314.
16.	Jin Y, Xu W, Liu F, et al. The status of infection prevention and control structures in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Northwest China: findings from WHO Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2025, 14(1): 85.
17.	郭家寧, 高曉東, 史慶豐, 等. 上海市醫療機構醫院感染管理難點調研分析. 華西醫學, 2025, 40(3): 406-411.
18.	Li Y, Cao X, Ge H, et al. Targeted surveillance of nosocomial infection in intensive care units of 176 hospitals in Jiangsu province, China. J Hosp Infect, 2018, 99(1): 36-41.
19.	劉思娣, 黃勛, 曾翠, 等. 不同類別重癥監護病房持續 3 年醫院感染前瞻性目標性監測. 中國感染控制雜志, 2019, 18(1): 17-21.
20.	王香人, 吳瓊, 吳景楠. 常態化疫情防控背景下醫護人員手衛生依從性的影響因素分析. 醫學理論與實踐, 2023, 36(1): 149-151.
21.	程科萍, 孔慶芳, 李家瑋, 等. 醫務人員手衛生依從性影響因素分析. 中國消毒學雜志, 2015, 32(7): 741-742.
22.	Lamy B, Dargère S, Arendrup MC, et al. How to optimize the use of blood cultures for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections? A state-of-the art. Front Microbiol, 2016, 7: 697.
23.	Lim C, Hantrakun V, Teerawattanasook N, et al. Impact of low blood culture usage on rates of antimicrobial resistance. J Infect, 2021, 82(3): 355-362.
24.	de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Solomkin JS, et al. Effect of postoperative continuation of antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020, 20(10): 1182-1192.
25.	陸群, 王虹, 倪凱文, 等. 人工智能在醫療機構感染防控行為管理領域的應用. 中華急診醫學雜志, 2025, 34(5): 763-766.

1. Reedy JM, Fernando T, Awuor OS, et al. Global health alert: racing to control antimicrobial-resistant Candida auris and healthcare waste disinfection using UVC LED technology. Hygiene, 2024, 4(3): 385-422.
2. Giraldi G, Montesano M, Napoli C, et al. Healthcare-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms: a surveillance study on extra hospital stay and direct costs. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2019, 20(8): 643-652.
3. 李鑫, 陳靜. 基于 PDCA 循環的醫院感染管理質量改進實踐. 中國衛生產業, 2025, 22(23): 148-151.
4. Storr J, Twyman A, Zingg W, et al. Core components for effective infection prevention and control programmes: new WHO evidence-based recommendations. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2017, 10(6): 6.
5. 路寧維, 黨曉茹, 梁沛楓, 等. 醫院感染風險分層評估體系的建立與應用. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2024, 34(3): 432-437.
6. Liu Y, Cheng Y, Sun X, et al. Implementation of a SMART-based infection control plan in an emergency intensive care unit: a prospective study. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 20001.
7. 侯冷晨, 王鵬, 錢香玲, 等. 上海市公立醫院醫院感染管理現狀調查. 中國感染控制雜志, 2021, 20(11): 1016-1021.
8. 黃麗華, 劉嬌, 潘澤韜, 等. 基于多源數據融合的醫院感染全流程質控閉環管理云平臺的建設方法與應用. 中國感染控制雜志, 2025, 24(10): 1478-1486.
9. Fabre V, Secaira C, Herzig C, et al. Contextual barriers to infection prevention and control program implementation in hospitals in Latin America: a mixed methods evaluation. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2024, 13(1): 132.
10. 中華人民共和國國家衛生健康委員會. 醫院感染管理信息系統基本功能標準 WS/T 547—2025, 2025.
11. 醫院感染監測標準 WS/T 312-2023. 中國感染控制雜志, 2023, 22(9): 1129-1142.
12. 寧艷陽. 上海: “三網”聯動打造抗菌藥物管理新模式. 中國衛生, 2024(1): 79-80.
13. 茅一萍, 劉芳, 祁琪, 等. 我國醫療機構感染監控信息化系統發展概況. 中華醫院感染學雜志, 2025, 35(1): 151-155.
14. Poirier E, Boulanger V, MacLaurin A, et al. National healthcare-associated infections surveillance programs: a scoping review. Can Commun Dis Rep, 2022, 48(7/8): 340-349.
15. Zhang N, Wu Q, Li S, et al. Trends and inequality of human resource in centers for disease control and prevention in China from 2019 to 2023. Front Public Health, 2025, 13: 1553314.
16. Jin Y, Xu W, Liu F, et al. The status of infection prevention and control structures in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Northwest China: findings from WHO Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2025, 14(1): 85.
17. 郭家寧, 高曉東, 史慶豐, 等. 上海市醫療機構醫院感染管理難點調研分析. 華西醫學, 2025, 40(3): 406-411.
18. Li Y, Cao X, Ge H, et al. Targeted surveillance of nosocomial infection in intensive care units of 176 hospitals in Jiangsu province, China. J Hosp Infect, 2018, 99(1): 36-41.
19. 劉思娣, 黃勛, 曾翠, 等. 不同類別重癥監護病房持續 3 年醫院感染前瞻性目標性監測. 中國感染控制雜志, 2019, 18(1): 17-21.
20. 王香人, 吳瓊, 吳景楠. 常態化疫情防控背景下醫護人員手衛生依從性的影響因素分析. 醫學理論與實踐, 2023, 36(1): 149-151.
21. 程科萍, 孔慶芳, 李家瑋, 等. 醫務人員手衛生依從性影響因素分析. 中國消毒學雜志, 2015, 32(7): 741-742.
22. Lamy B, Dargère S, Arendrup MC, et al. How to optimize the use of blood cultures for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections? A state-of-the art. Front Microbiol, 2016, 7: 697.
23. Lim C, Hantrakun V, Teerawattanasook N, et al. Impact of low blood culture usage on rates of antimicrobial resistance. J Infect, 2021, 82(3): 355-362.
24. de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Solomkin JS, et al. Effect of postoperative continuation of antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020, 20(10): 1182-1192.
25. 陸群, 王虹, 倪凱文, 等. 人工智能在醫療機構感染防控行為管理領域的應用. 中華急診醫學雜志, 2025, 34(5): 763-766.

West China Medical Journal

Survey on the current status of healthcare-associated infection management in medical institutions of Shanghai

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