Advances in the epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis D virus infection_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

GENG Wenqi ¹ ,  WANG Yajie ^1,2

1. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100015, P. R. China;
2. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P. R. China;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Yajie, Email: wangyajie@ccmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Hepatitis D virus; epidemiology; diagnosis; screening; treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202507298

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that significantly accelerates the progression of liver disease when co-infected with hepatitis B virus. Despite its low prevalence in China, the large population of hepatitis B virus-infected individuals still results in a substantial disease burden, with notable regional and population distribution disparities. In terms of HDV infection diagnosis, current standards remain relatively outdated, screening rates are low, and the sensitivity and standardization of detection methods urgently need improvement. This article systematically reviews the epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment advances of HDV, aiming to provide references for clinical practice.

Citation： GENG Wenqi, WANG Yajie. Advances in the epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis D virus infection. West China Medical Journal, 2026, 41(5): 856-860. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202507298 Copy

1.	Sagnelli C, Sagnelli E, Russo A, et al. HBV/HDV co-infection: epidemiological and clinical changes, recent knowledge and future challenges. Life (Basel), 2021, 11(2): 169.
2.	Rizzetto M, Hamid S, Negro F. The changing context of hepatitis D. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(5): 1200-1211.
3.	Vieira Barbosa J, Sahli R, Aubert V, et al. Demographics and outcomes of hepatitis B and D: a 10-year retrospective analysis in a Swiss tertiary referral center. PLoS One, 2021, 16(4): e0250347.
4.	Xie J, Wang X, Wang X, et al. Assessing the impact of comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus on the disease burden of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and its complications in China from 2006 to 2030: a modeling study. Glob Health Res Policy, 2024, 9(1): 5.
5.	Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Aricò S, et al. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut, 1977, 18(12): 997-1003.
6.	Lucifora J, Delphin M. Current knowledge on hepatitis delta virus replication. Antiviral Res, 2020, 179: 104812.
7.	European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on hepatitis delta virus. J Hepatol, 2023, 79(2): 433-460.
8.	Li S, Hao L, Deng J, et al. The culprit behind HBV-infected hepatocytes: NTCP. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2024, 18: 4839-4858.
9.	Watashi K, Shionoya K, Kobayashi C, et al. Hepatitis B and D virus entry. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2025, 23(5): 318-331.
10.	Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, et al. Role of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) in HBV-induced hepatitis: opportunities for developing novel therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol, 2024, 219: 115956.
11.	Pérez-Vargas J, Teppa E, Amirache F, et al. A fusion peptide in preS1 and the human protein disulfide isomerase ERp57 are involved in hepatitis B virus membrane fusion process. Elife, 2021, 10: e64507.
12.	Zhang Z, Urban S. New insights into HDV persistence: the role of interferon response and implications for upcoming novel therapies. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(3): 686-699.
13.	Usai C, Gill US, Riddell AC, et al. Review article: emerging insights into the immunopathology, clinical and therapeutic aspects of hepatitis delta virus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2022, 55(8): 978-993.
14.	Chen HY, Shen DT, Ji DZ, et al. Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut, 2019, 68(3): 512-521.
15.	Stockdale AJ, Kreuels B, Henrion MYR, et al. The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(3): 523-532.
16.	Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, et al. Estimating the global prevalence, disease progression, and clinical outcome of hepatitis delta virus infection. J Infect Dis, 2020, 221(10): 1677-1687.
17.	Liang X, Chen Q, Tang H, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis D virus antibody positivity in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2025, 13(4): 278-283.
18.	Chang L, Yan Y, Ji H, et al. Low seroprevalence of hepatitis delta virus co-infection in hepatitis B virus-infected blood donors in China: a multicenter study. Front Microbiol, 2022, 13: 992817.
19.	Deng X, Liu D, Delcourt MP, et al. No Hepatitis delta virus seropositivity among blood donors with overt and occult hepatitis B infection in Dalian, Liaoning province, China. Viruses, 2023, 15(7): 1509.
20.	王莉, 王姣樂, 宋曉蕓, 等. 甘肅口岸出入境人員乙肝病毒和丁肝病毒混合感染調查及乙肝病毒基因型分析. 中國國境衛生檢疫雜志, 2024, 47(2): 116-120.
21.	徐志遠. 南京地區醫院就診 HBV 感染者中 HDV 感染率及風險因素的流行病學分析. 南京: 南京醫科大學, 2023.
22.	Lee WC, Chen TK, Han HF, et al. Investigating the prevalence and clinical effects of hepatitis delta viral infection in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2021, 54(5): 901-908.
23.	劉慧敏, 譚朝霞, 楊京, 等. 中國西南地區丁型肝炎的流行狀況與臨床特征分析. 中華實驗和臨床病毒學雜志, 2022, 36(1): 85-91.
24.	Zi J, Li YH, Wang XM, et al. Hepatitis D virus dual-infection among Chinese hepatitis B patient related to hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B virus DNA and age. World J Gastroenterol, 2023, 29(38): 5395-5405.
25.	劉玉梅, 郭小平, 張慧敏, 等. 我國部分地區慢性 HBV 感染者 HDV 感染情況調查. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(4): 795-803.
26.	Wang Y, Shen G, Lu R, et al. The prevalence of HDV among HBsAg-positive populations with and without HIV-1 in China. Int J Infect Dis, 2024, 140: 70-77.
27.	Wu S, Zhang Y, Tang Y, et al. Molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infected patients with elevated transaminases in Shanghai, China. BMC Infect Dis, 2020, 20(1): 565.
28.	孫小淅. 云南省丁型肝炎病毒分子流行病學及影響因素研究. 昆明: 昆明理工大學, 2023.
29.	Roggenbach I, Chi X, Lempp FA, et al. HDV seroprevalence in HBsAg-positive patients in China occurs in hotspots and is not associated with HCV mono-infection. Viruses, 2021, 13(9): 1799.
30.	付春山, 馮笑梅, 遲秀梅, 等. 內蒙古自治區蒙古族聚集區丁型肝炎流行現狀分析. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(5): 1076-1080.
31.	王轉國, 吳旭, 竇婧, 等. 新疆地區丁型肝炎病毒的流行狀況與臨床特征分析. 中華肝臟病雜志, 2025, 33(11): 1058-1063.
32.	劉慧敏, 陳文婷, 李世煉, 等. 《2023 年歐洲肝病學會臨床實踐指南: 丁型肝炎病毒》意見要點. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(11): 2558-2563.
33.	艾小委, 張夢陽, 孫亞朦, 等. 《2024 年世界衛生組織慢性乙型肝炎患者的預防、診斷、關懷和治療指南》推薦意見要點. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40(5): 928-933.
34.	World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection (text extract): executive summary. Infect Dis Immun, 2024, 4(3): 103-105.
35.	劉新, 田樹萍, 郭繼橋, 等. 丁型肝炎病毒 HDV-IgM 篩查狀況與感染患者臨床特征分析. 胃腸病學和肝病學雜志, 2024, 33(5): 571-576.
36.	張振鋒. 丁型肝炎抗體檢測方法比較分析. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(4): 751-757.
37.	高耀, 任鋒, 段鐘平. HDV RNA 檢測的研究現狀. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(4): 758-765.
38.	劉玉梅, 白洪霞, 馬亞紅, 等. 4 種丁型肝炎病毒 IgG 抗體檢測試劑的評價. 中國病毒病雜志, 2022, 12(3): 170-174.
39.	袁榕晨, 程方明, 向寬輝, 等. 化學發光法丁型肝炎病毒 IgG 抗體檢測試劑性能評價. 中華檢驗醫學雜志, 2024, 47(3): 234-238.
40.	Wedemeyer H, Leus M, Battersby TR, et al. HDV RNA assays: performance characteristics, clinical utility, and challenges. Hepatology, 2025, 81(2): 637-650.
41.	Anolli MP, Uceda Renteria S, Degasperi E, et al. Comparing methods for plasma HDV RNA quantification in bulevirtide-treated and untreated patients with HDV. JHEP Rep, 2024, 7(3): 101299.
42.	林妍雪, 秦艷麗, 張繼明. HDV RNA 檢測的臨床意義與方法. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2022, 38(12): 2830-2835.
43.	李永聰, 袁榕晨, 向寬輝, 等. 國產丁型肝炎病毒核酸檢測試劑的性能評估和初步臨床應用. 中華檢驗醫學雜志, 2024, 47(3): 239-244.
44.	Tian Y, Fan Z, Zhang X, et al. CRISPR/Cas13a-assisted accurate and portable hepatitis D virus RNA detection. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2023, 12(2): 2276337.
45.	Iacob S, Gheorghe L, Onica M, et al. Prospective study of hepatitis B and D epidemiology and risk factors in Romania: a 10-year update. World J Hepatol, 2024, 16(4): 640-649.
46.	Pinchera B, Trucillo E, D’Agostino A, et al. Update on the management of HDV infection: current events and perspectives. Microb Pathog, 2025, 206: 107805.
47.	Gish RG, Wong RJ, Di Tanna GL, et al. Association of hepatitis delta virus with liver morbidity and mortality: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 2024, 79(5): 1129-1140.
48.	Iacob S, Chitul M, Stan D, et al. Identifying risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with delta hepatitis: a prognostic study. J Viral Hepat, 2025, 32(6): e70034.
49.	Ramier C, Carrat F, Beo VD, et al. Unhealthy behaviours and all-cause mortality among people with chronic hepatitis B, with and without hepatitis delta (ANRS CO22 HEPATHER). J Viral Hepat, 2025, 32(7): e70033.
50.	左書凝, 趙建中. 丁型病毒性肝炎治療新藥臨床研發現狀及考量. 中國臨床藥理學雜志, 2024, 40(3): 464-471.
51.	Vogt A, Wohlfart S, Urban S, et al. Medical advances in hepatitis D therapy: molecular targets. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(18): 10817.
52.	Wedemeyer H, Aleman S, Brunetto MR, et al. A phase 3, randomized trial of bulevirtide in chronic hepatitis D. N Engl J Med, 2023, 389(1): 22-32.
53.	Wedemeyer H, Aleman S, Brunetto M, et al. Bulevirtide monotherapy in patients with chronic HDV: efficacy and safety results through week 96 from a phase III randomized trial. J Hepatol, 2024, 81(4): 621-629.
54.	Wang X, Chi X, Zhang YY, et al. Safety and efficacy of anti-pre-S1 domain monoclonal antibody (HH-003) treatment in patients with co-infection of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV): a single center, open-label, phase 2 trial. J Hepatol , 2023, 78(Suppl 1): 1.
55.	Verrier ER, Salvetti A, Pons C, et al. Loss of hepatitis D virus infectivity upon farnesyl transferase inhibitor treatment associates with increasing RNA editing rates revealed by a new RT-ddPCR method. Antiviral Res, 2022, 198: 105250.
56.	Yurdaydin C, Keskin O, Yurdcu E, et al. A phase 2 dose-finding study of lonafarnib and ritonavir with or without interferon alpha for chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology, 2022, 75(6): 1551-1565.
57.	Kim GW, Moon JS, Gudima SO, et al. N⁶-methyladenine modification of hepatitis delta virus regulates its virion assembly by recruiting YTHDF1. J Virol, 2022, 96(19): e0112422.
58.	Moon JS, Siddiqui A, Kim GW. Regulation of viral hepatitis by N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2025, 14(1): 2544726.

1. Sagnelli C, Sagnelli E, Russo A, et al. HBV/HDV co-infection: epidemiological and clinical changes, recent knowledge and future challenges. Life (Basel), 2021, 11(2): 169.
2. Rizzetto M, Hamid S, Negro F. The changing context of hepatitis D. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(5): 1200-1211.
3. Vieira Barbosa J, Sahli R, Aubert V, et al. Demographics and outcomes of hepatitis B and D: a 10-year retrospective analysis in a Swiss tertiary referral center. PLoS One, 2021, 16(4): e0250347.
4. Xie J, Wang X, Wang X, et al. Assessing the impact of comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus on the disease burden of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and its complications in China from 2006 to 2030: a modeling study. Glob Health Res Policy, 2024, 9(1): 5.
5. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Aricò S, et al. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut, 1977, 18(12): 997-1003.
6. Lucifora J, Delphin M. Current knowledge on hepatitis delta virus replication. Antiviral Res, 2020, 179: 104812.
7. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on hepatitis delta virus. J Hepatol, 2023, 79(2): 433-460.
8. Li S, Hao L, Deng J, et al. The culprit behind HBV-infected hepatocytes: NTCP. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2024, 18: 4839-4858.
9. Watashi K, Shionoya K, Kobayashi C, et al. Hepatitis B and D virus entry. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2025, 23(5): 318-331.
10. Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, et al. Role of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) in HBV-induced hepatitis: opportunities for developing novel therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol, 2024, 219: 115956.
11. Pérez-Vargas J, Teppa E, Amirache F, et al. A fusion peptide in preS1 and the human protein disulfide isomerase ERp57 are involved in hepatitis B virus membrane fusion process. Elife, 2021, 10: e64507.
12. Zhang Z, Urban S. New insights into HDV persistence: the role of interferon response and implications for upcoming novel therapies. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(3): 686-699.
13. Usai C, Gill US, Riddell AC, et al. Review article: emerging insights into the immunopathology, clinical and therapeutic aspects of hepatitis delta virus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2022, 55(8): 978-993.
14. Chen HY, Shen DT, Ji DZ, et al. Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut, 2019, 68(3): 512-521.
15. Stockdale AJ, Kreuels B, Henrion MYR, et al. The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(3): 523-532.
16. Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, et al. Estimating the global prevalence, disease progression, and clinical outcome of hepatitis delta virus infection. J Infect Dis, 2020, 221(10): 1677-1687.
17. Liang X, Chen Q, Tang H, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis D virus antibody positivity in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2025, 13(4): 278-283.
18. Chang L, Yan Y, Ji H, et al. Low seroprevalence of hepatitis delta virus co-infection in hepatitis B virus-infected blood donors in China: a multicenter study. Front Microbiol, 2022, 13: 992817.
19. Deng X, Liu D, Delcourt MP, et al. No Hepatitis delta virus seropositivity among blood donors with overt and occult hepatitis B infection in Dalian, Liaoning province, China. Viruses, 2023, 15(7): 1509.
20. 王莉, 王姣樂, 宋曉蕓, 等. 甘肅口岸出入境人員乙肝病毒和丁肝病毒混合感染調查及乙肝病毒基因型分析. 中國國境衛生檢疫雜志, 2024, 47(2): 116-120.
21. 徐志遠. 南京地區醫院就診 HBV 感染者中 HDV 感染率及風險因素的流行病學分析. 南京: 南京醫科大學, 2023.
22. Lee WC, Chen TK, Han HF, et al. Investigating the prevalence and clinical effects of hepatitis delta viral infection in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2021, 54(5): 901-908.
23. 劉慧敏, 譚朝霞, 楊京, 等. 中國西南地區丁型肝炎的流行狀況與臨床特征分析. 中華實驗和臨床病毒學雜志, 2022, 36(1): 85-91.
24. Zi J, Li YH, Wang XM, et al. Hepatitis D virus dual-infection among Chinese hepatitis B patient related to hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B virus DNA and age. World J Gastroenterol, 2023, 29(38): 5395-5405.
25. 劉玉梅, 郭小平, 張慧敏, 等. 我國部分地區慢性 HBV 感染者 HDV 感染情況調查. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(4): 795-803.
26. Wang Y, Shen G, Lu R, et al. The prevalence of HDV among HBsAg-positive populations with and without HIV-1 in China. Int J Infect Dis, 2024, 140: 70-77.
27. Wu S, Zhang Y, Tang Y, et al. Molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infected patients with elevated transaminases in Shanghai, China. BMC Infect Dis, 2020, 20(1): 565.
28. 孫小淅. 云南省丁型肝炎病毒分子流行病學及影響因素研究. 昆明: 昆明理工大學, 2023.
29. Roggenbach I, Chi X, Lempp FA, et al. HDV seroprevalence in HBsAg-positive patients in China occurs in hotspots and is not associated with HCV mono-infection. Viruses, 2021, 13(9): 1799.
30. 付春山, 馮笑梅, 遲秀梅, 等. 內蒙古自治區蒙古族聚集區丁型肝炎流行現狀分析. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(5): 1076-1080.
31. 王轉國, 吳旭, 竇婧, 等. 新疆地區丁型肝炎病毒的流行狀況與臨床特征分析. 中華肝臟病雜志, 2025, 33(11): 1058-1063.
32. 劉慧敏, 陳文婷, 李世煉, 等. 《2023 年歐洲肝病學會臨床實踐指南: 丁型肝炎病毒》意見要點. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(11): 2558-2563.
33. 艾小委, 張夢陽, 孫亞朦, 等. 《2024 年世界衛生組織慢性乙型肝炎患者的預防、診斷、關懷和治療指南》推薦意見要點. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40(5): 928-933.
34. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection (text extract): executive summary. Infect Dis Immun, 2024, 4(3): 103-105.
35. 劉新, 田樹萍, 郭繼橋, 等. 丁型肝炎病毒 HDV-IgM 篩查狀況與感染患者臨床特征分析. 胃腸病學和肝病學雜志, 2024, 33(5): 571-576.
36. 張振鋒. 丁型肝炎抗體檢測方法比較分析. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(4): 751-757.
37. 高耀, 任鋒, 段鐘平. HDV RNA 檢測的研究現狀. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(4): 758-765.
38. 劉玉梅, 白洪霞, 馬亞紅, 等. 4 種丁型肝炎病毒 IgG 抗體檢測試劑的評價. 中國病毒病雜志, 2022, 12(3): 170-174.
39. 袁榕晨, 程方明, 向寬輝, 等. 化學發光法丁型肝炎病毒 IgG 抗體檢測試劑性能評價. 中華檢驗醫學雜志, 2024, 47(3): 234-238.
40. Wedemeyer H, Leus M, Battersby TR, et al. HDV RNA assays: performance characteristics, clinical utility, and challenges. Hepatology, 2025, 81(2): 637-650.
41. Anolli MP, Uceda Renteria S, Degasperi E, et al. Comparing methods for plasma HDV RNA quantification in bulevirtide-treated and untreated patients with HDV. JHEP Rep, 2024, 7(3): 101299.
42. 林妍雪, 秦艷麗, 張繼明. HDV RNA 檢測的臨床意義與方法. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2022, 38(12): 2830-2835.
43. 李永聰, 袁榕晨, 向寬輝, 等. 國產丁型肝炎病毒核酸檢測試劑的性能評估和初步臨床應用. 中華檢驗醫學雜志, 2024, 47(3): 239-244.
44. Tian Y, Fan Z, Zhang X, et al. CRISPR/Cas13a-assisted accurate and portable hepatitis D virus RNA detection. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2023, 12(2): 2276337.
45. Iacob S, Gheorghe L, Onica M, et al. Prospective study of hepatitis B and D epidemiology and risk factors in Romania: a 10-year update. World J Hepatol, 2024, 16(4): 640-649.
46. Pinchera B, Trucillo E, D’Agostino A, et al. Update on the management of HDV infection: current events and perspectives. Microb Pathog, 2025, 206: 107805.
47. Gish RG, Wong RJ, Di Tanna GL, et al. Association of hepatitis delta virus with liver morbidity and mortality: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 2024, 79(5): 1129-1140.
48. Iacob S, Chitul M, Stan D, et al. Identifying risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with delta hepatitis: a prognostic study. J Viral Hepat, 2025, 32(6): e70034.
49. Ramier C, Carrat F, Beo VD, et al. Unhealthy behaviours and all-cause mortality among people with chronic hepatitis B, with and without hepatitis delta (ANRS CO22 HEPATHER). J Viral Hepat, 2025, 32(7): e70033.
50. 左書凝, 趙建中. 丁型病毒性肝炎治療新藥臨床研發現狀及考量. 中國臨床藥理學雜志, 2024, 40(3): 464-471.
51. Vogt A, Wohlfart S, Urban S, et al. Medical advances in hepatitis D therapy: molecular targets. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(18): 10817.
52. Wedemeyer H, Aleman S, Brunetto MR, et al. A phase 3, randomized trial of bulevirtide in chronic hepatitis D. N Engl J Med, 2023, 389(1): 22-32.
53. Wedemeyer H, Aleman S, Brunetto M, et al. Bulevirtide monotherapy in patients with chronic HDV: efficacy and safety results through week 96 from a phase III randomized trial. J Hepatol, 2024, 81(4): 621-629.
54. Wang X, Chi X, Zhang YY, et al. Safety and efficacy of anti-pre-S1 domain monoclonal antibody (HH-003) treatment in patients with co-infection of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV): a single center, open-label, phase 2 trial. J Hepatol , 2023, 78(Suppl 1): 1.
55. Verrier ER, Salvetti A, Pons C, et al. Loss of hepatitis D virus infectivity upon farnesyl transferase inhibitor treatment associates with increasing RNA editing rates revealed by a new RT-ddPCR method. Antiviral Res, 2022, 198: 105250.
56. Yurdaydin C, Keskin O, Yurdcu E, et al. A phase 2 dose-finding study of lonafarnib and ritonavir with or without interferon alpha for chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology, 2022, 75(6): 1551-1565.
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