Foot growth and foot types in children and adolescents: a narrative review_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

XU Miaomiao ,  WANG Lin

School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R.China;

Corresponding?author：

WANG Lin, Email: wanglin@sus.edu.cn

Keywords：

foot shape; Chinese children and adolescents; footwear

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.201612063

Video：

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Foot shape and size are important for footwear design and production. Information about important foot characteristics helps not only to improve shoe comfort but to maintain the proper physiological development of the feet. What’s more, plenty of studies have suggested that the shape of the shoe must closely resemble the shape of the foot to create a properly fitted shoe. This means that the differences between various populations should be considered and that footwear should be designed according to the measurements of users. Childhood and adolescent are important periods of human growth. During these periods, foot shape changes with human growth and can be influenced by extrinsic factors. Therefore, the foot shape characteristics of children and adolescents should be investigated. The results from these investigations can contribute to developing appropriate shoe for children and adolescents, improving perceived comfort of children shoes and preventing pedopathy among children and adolescents. This review aims to discuss measuring methods of foot shape, types of foot shape, and factors influencing foot shape. The results of the review can provide recommendations for investigating growth development of foot shape and useful information for consumers and shoe manufacturers.

Citation： XU Miaomiao, WANG Lin. Foot growth and foot types in children and adolescents: a narrative review. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2017, 34(4): 648-652. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.201612063 Copy

1.	Hong Youlian, Wang Lin, Xu Dongqing, et al. Gender differences in foot shape: a study of Chinese young adults. Sports Biomechanics, 2011, 10(2): 85-97.
2.	Barisch-Fritz B, Schmeltzpfenning T, Plank C, et al. Foot deformation during walking: differences between static and dynamic 3D foot morphology in developing feet. Ergonomics, 2014, 57(6): 921-933.
3.	Aiyer A, Hennrikus W. Foot pain in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2014, 61(6): 1185-1205.
4.	張哲, 丘理, 林登云. 福建省兒童腳型及非正常足弓的分析. 中國皮革, 2015, 44(4): 110-115.
5.	孫慜倩, 王宏付. 基于 3D 掃描的女性腳型數據分析. 中國皮革, 2014, 43(6): 109-111, 115.
6.	Lee Yuchi, Wang M J. Taiwanese adult foot shape classification using 3D scanning data. Ergonomics, 2015, 58(3): 513-523.
7.	吳婷. 西安地區兒童腳型分析及其數字化鞋楦的構建. 西安: 陜西科技大學, 2016.
8.	Krauss I, Grau S, Mauch M, et al. Sex-related differences in foot shape. Ergonomics, 2008, 51(11): 1693-1709.
9.	Mauch M, Grau S, Krauss I, et al. A new approach to children’s footwear based on foot type classification. Ergonomics, 2009, 52(8): 999-1008.
10.	Patrick O M. Jay H, Dennis M B, Irene S D. The foot core system: A new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function. Brit J Sport Med, 2014, 49(5): 1-9.
11.	Sacco I C, Onodera A N, Bosch K A. Comparisons of foot anthropometry and plantar arch indices between German and Brazilian children. BMC Pediatr, 2015, 15(4): 1-6.
12.	Lee Yuchi, Kouchi M, Mochimaru M, et al. Comparing 3D foot shape models between Taiwanese and Japanese females. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo), 2015, 44(1): 11-20.
13.	Saghazadeh M, Kitano N, Okura T. Gender differences of foot characteristics in older Japanese adults using a 3D foot scanner. J Foot Ankle Res, 2015, 8(29): 29.
14.	Shu Yang, Mei Qichang, Fernandez J, et al. Foot morphological difference between habitually shod and unshod runners. PLoS One, 2015, 10(7): e0131385.
15.	Wang L P, Mei Q C, Gu Y D, et al. Foot morphological difference between habitually unshod runners and shod runners through inverse modelling. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 2016, 26(1): 19-27.
16.	丘理. 中國人群腳型規律的研究(之一)中國成人腳型基本規律. 中國皮革, 2005, 18: 135-139.
17.	Rocha E S, Bratz D K, Gubert L C, et al. Obese children experience higher plantar pressure and lower foot sensitivity than non-obese. Clinical Biomechanics, 2014, 29(7): 822-827.
18.	Mueller S, Carlsohn A, Mueller J, et al. Influence of obesity on foot loading characteristics in gait for children aged 1 to 12 years. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0149924.
19.	Bol’shakov O P, Kotov I R, Poliakova E L. Foot arch shape in children aged 2-5 years according to the data of plantography and holographic interferometry. Morfologiia, 2014, 146(4): 64-69.
20.	Delgado-Abellán L, Aguado X, Jiménez-Orme?o E, et al. Foot morphology in Spanish school children according to sex and age. Ergonomics, 2014, 57(5): 787-797.
21.	Barisch F B, Plank C, Grau S. Evaluation of the rule-of-thumb: calculation of the toe allowance for developing feet. Footwear Sci, 2016, 8(3): 119-127.
22.	Waseda Akeo, Suda Yasunori, Inokuchi S, et al. Standard growth of the foot arch in childhood and adolescence--derived from the measurement results of 10, 155 children. Foot Ankle Surg, 2014, 20(3): 208-214.
23.	張悠然, 王坤余, 徐波, 等. 三維掃描儀在四川兒童足部形態學中的應用研究. 中國皮革, 2014(4): 115-117.
24.	丘理. 中國人群腳型規律的研究(之二)中國兒童腳型基本規律. 中國皮革, 2005, 22: 135-137.
25.	林登云. 泉州市兒童腳型測量及特征值分析. 中國皮革, 2014(4): 104-107, 111.
26.	邢兆毅. 中國高校 18-25 歲青年人腳型特征研究. 濟南: 山東體育學院, 2014.
27.	吳立娟. 中國 4-11 歲兒童足型參數測量和動態足底壓力分析//2015第十屆全國體育科學大會. 浙江杭州. 2015: 628-630.
28.	黃大元, 張惠娟, 石慧娟, 等. 武陵山區土家族兒童青少年足型分析. 解剖學雜志, 2015, 38(1): 78-81.
29.	王宵宵, 陳樹青, 林登云. 兒童腳基本寬度與跖趾圍長關系的分析. 中國皮革, 2014, 43(24): 118-121, 125.
30.	崔麗娜. 福建地區男青年腳型分型研究. 中國皮革, 2014(4): 108-111.

1. Hong Youlian, Wang Lin, Xu Dongqing, et al. Gender differences in foot shape: a study of Chinese young adults. Sports Biomechanics, 2011, 10(2): 85-97.
2. Barisch-Fritz B, Schmeltzpfenning T, Plank C, et al. Foot deformation during walking: differences between static and dynamic 3D foot morphology in developing feet. Ergonomics, 2014, 57(6): 921-933.
3. Aiyer A, Hennrikus W. Foot pain in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2014, 61(6): 1185-1205.
4. 張哲, 丘理, 林登云. 福建省兒童腳型及非正常足弓的分析. 中國皮革, 2015, 44(4): 110-115.
5. 孫慜倩, 王宏付. 基于 3D 掃描的女性腳型數據分析. 中國皮革, 2014, 43(6): 109-111, 115.
6. Lee Yuchi, Wang M J. Taiwanese adult foot shape classification using 3D scanning data. Ergonomics, 2015, 58(3): 513-523.
7. 吳婷. 西安地區兒童腳型分析及其數字化鞋楦的構建. 西安: 陜西科技大學, 2016.
8. Krauss I, Grau S, Mauch M, et al. Sex-related differences in foot shape. Ergonomics, 2008, 51(11): 1693-1709.
9. Mauch M, Grau S, Krauss I, et al. A new approach to children’s footwear based on foot type classification. Ergonomics, 2009, 52(8): 999-1008.
10. Patrick O M. Jay H, Dennis M B, Irene S D. The foot core system: A new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function. Brit J Sport Med, 2014, 49(5): 1-9.
11. Sacco I C, Onodera A N, Bosch K A. Comparisons of foot anthropometry and plantar arch indices between German and Brazilian children. BMC Pediatr, 2015, 15(4): 1-6.
12. Lee Yuchi, Kouchi M, Mochimaru M, et al. Comparing 3D foot shape models between Taiwanese and Japanese females. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo), 2015, 44(1): 11-20.
13. Saghazadeh M, Kitano N, Okura T. Gender differences of foot characteristics in older Japanese adults using a 3D foot scanner. J Foot Ankle Res, 2015, 8(29): 29.
14. Shu Yang, Mei Qichang, Fernandez J, et al. Foot morphological difference between habitually shod and unshod runners. PLoS One, 2015, 10(7): e0131385.
15. Wang L P, Mei Q C, Gu Y D, et al. Foot morphological difference between habitually unshod runners and shod runners through inverse modelling. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 2016, 26(1): 19-27.
16. 丘理. 中國人群腳型規律的研究(之一)中國成人腳型基本規律. 中國皮革, 2005, 18: 135-139.
17. Rocha E S, Bratz D K, Gubert L C, et al. Obese children experience higher plantar pressure and lower foot sensitivity than non-obese. Clinical Biomechanics, 2014, 29(7): 822-827.
18. Mueller S, Carlsohn A, Mueller J, et al. Influence of obesity on foot loading characteristics in gait for children aged 1 to 12 years. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0149924.
19. Bol’shakov O P, Kotov I R, Poliakova E L. Foot arch shape in children aged 2-5 years according to the data of plantography and holographic interferometry. Morfologiia, 2014, 146(4): 64-69.
20. Delgado-Abellán L, Aguado X, Jiménez-Orme?o E, et al. Foot morphology in Spanish school children according to sex and age. Ergonomics, 2014, 57(5): 787-797.
21. Barisch F B, Plank C, Grau S. Evaluation of the rule-of-thumb: calculation of the toe allowance for developing feet. Footwear Sci, 2016, 8(3): 119-127.
22. Waseda Akeo, Suda Yasunori, Inokuchi S, et al. Standard growth of the foot arch in childhood and adolescence--derived from the measurement results of 10, 155 children. Foot Ankle Surg, 2014, 20(3): 208-214.
23. 張悠然, 王坤余, 徐波, 等. 三維掃描儀在四川兒童足部形態學中的應用研究. 中國皮革, 2014(4): 115-117.
24. 丘理. 中國人群腳型規律的研究(之二)中國兒童腳型基本規律. 中國皮革, 2005, 22: 135-137.
25. 林登云. 泉州市兒童腳型測量及特征值分析. 中國皮革, 2014(4): 104-107, 111.
26. 邢兆毅. 中國高校 18-25 歲青年人腳型特征研究. 濟南: 山東體育學院, 2014.
27. 吳立娟. 中國 4-11 歲兒童足型參數測量和動態足底壓力分析//2015第十屆全國體育科學大會. 浙江杭州. 2015: 628-630.
28. 黃大元, 張惠娟, 石慧娟, 等. 武陵山區土家族兒童青少年足型分析. 解剖學雜志, 2015, 38(1): 78-81.
29. 王宵宵, 陳樹青, 林登云. 兒童腳基本寬度與跖趾圍長關系的分析. 中國皮革, 2014, 43(24): 118-121, 125.
30. 崔麗娜. 福建地區男青年腳型分型研究. 中國皮革, 2014(4): 108-111.

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