Lung adenocarcinoma has become the most common type of lung cancer. According to the 2015 World Health Organization histological classification of lung cancer, invasive lung adenocarcinoma can be divided into 5 subtypes: lepidic, acinar, papillary, solid, and micropapillary. Relevant studies have shown that the local lobectomy or sublobectomy is sufficient for early lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma, while lobectomy should be recommended for tumors containing micropapillary and solid ingredients (≥5%). Currently, the percentage of micropapillary and solid components diagnosed by frozen pathological examination is 65.7%, and the accuracy of diagnosis is limited. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, it is necessary to seek new methods and techniques. This paper summarized the characteristics and rapid diagnosis tools of early lung adenocarcinoma subtypes.
Intraoperative rapid and accurate pathological diagnosis of lung nodules is crucial for formulating individualized surgical strategies. Frozen section remains the most widely used intraoperative diagnostic method. However, its diagnostic performance may be compromised by structural alterations of lung tissue and difficulties in distinguishing early-stage lung adenocarcinoma subtypes. Modified frozen section techniques and rapid immunohistochemistry have improved diagnostic accuracy to some extent through optimized specimen preparation and the incorporation of molecular marker detection. In recent years, emerging diagnostic technologies based on physical and chemical signals, including mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, have developed rapidly. By analyzing the molecular composition, optical characteristics, or dielectric properties of tissues, these techniques enable rapid identification of lung nodules and have shown promising potential for tumor discrimination and histological classification. This article reviews the current advances in intraoperative rapid diagnostic techniques for lung nodules.
Infectious diseases are characterized by acute onset and rapid progression, and the efficiency of their diagnosis and treatment is highly dependent on the timeliness and accuracy of microbiological testing. Focusing on shortening turnaround time and improving result precision, this paper systematically reviews the evolution of microbiological testing across three stages: manual microscopic examination and conventional culture, automated biochemical identification, and mass-spectrometry-based and molecular diagnostics. It summarizes the breakthroughs and limitations of representative technologies in each stage, analyzes the impacts of technological iteration on clinical decision-making, specimen submission practices and antimicrobial stewardship, and prospects future trends including full-process automation, point-of-care testing, and multi-omics integration.