Objective To review mechanobiological events during peripheral nerve development and the associated mechanotransduction mechanisms, with the aim of improving understanding of the potential mechanical basis underlying neurological diseases. Methods A comprehensive survey of recent domestic and international literature was conducted to systematically summarize advances in biomechanical research within the field of neuroscience. Results All three stages of peripheral nerve network development are regulated by distinct types of mechanical cues and are characterized by unique mechanobiological events. The sensing and response of neural cells to these mechanical stimuli depend on a range of mechanosensitive molecules. Through the coordinated action of these molecules, extracellular mechanical signals are transduced into intracellular biochemical signals via multiple mechanotransduction pathways, ultimately influencing cellular functions and behaviors. Conclusion Peripheral nerves exhibit a high degree of mechanosensitivity, enabling them to perceive and respond to the mechanical properties of their microenvironment and to adapt their functional states through mechanotransduction. This provides a theoretical basis for optimizing tension-reduction strategies in peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction, as well as for the design of nerve conduits and rehabilitation protocols involving mechanical stimulation.