Objective To evaluate the best available evidence regarding the prophylactic and therapeutic application of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia (FN), aiming to inform standardized clinical practice. Methods The evidence on the use of G-CSF in cancer patients with FN was retrieved from both Chinese and English databases and websites by computer. The retrieval deadline was from January 2014 to December 2024. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening and quality evaluation, extracted and summarized evidence. Results A total of 15 articles were included, comprising 5 clinical practice guidelines, 6 expert consensus statements, and 4 systematic reviews. From these, 28 best evidence statements were synthesized, encompassing five key domains: FN risk stratification, prophylactic G-CSF administration, therapeutic G-CSF use, administration methodology, and patient education. Conclusions The overall quality of evidence for G-CSF in the prevention and treatment of FN is relatively good. The findings provide a robust, evidence-based foundation for standardizing the management of FN in this population, thereby more effectively controlling the risks associated with anti-tumor treatment