ObjectiveTo review the application and research progress of the electroactivity graphene-based materials (GBMs) in the field of bone defect repair. Methods The recent domestic and international literature was extensively reviewed to systematically summarize the electroactive performance of GBMs in bone repair composite materials. The unique advantages of GBMs in material preparation, multi-functionalization, and application were discussed, along with their contributions and clinical translation challenges in bone tissue engineering. ResultsBone defect repair remains a major global clinical challenge. Utilizing electroactive biomaterials to mimic the endogenous bioelectric microenvironment is a frontier strategy to accelerate bone regeneration. With outstanding electrical conductivity and physicochemical properties, GBMs exhibit great potential in constructing electroactive bone repair materials. The introduction of GBMs into conductive scaffolds or self-powered piezoelectric systems not only builds a continuous conductive network to promote electrical signal transduction and osteogenic differentiation, but also exerts broad-spectrum antibacterial effects via physical cutting and induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, GBMs promote the M2 polarization of macrophages, achieving a multi-effect synergy of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions within a single material system. Extensive animal experiments have verified that GBMs can significantly accelerate new bone formation and interfacial integration in complex or even infected microenvironments. Moreover, the biocompatibility and degradation performance of GBMs are highly dependent on their concentration, size, and oxidation degree. The cytotoxicity induced by high concentrations, the batch-to-batch heterogeneity of materials, and the long-term retention of large-sized residues in vivo remain the primary challenges at present. Conclusion Electroactivity GBMs materials provide an innovative, efficient, and multifunctional synergistic solution for bone repair. Future research should focus on the standardization of electrical stimulation parameters, overcoming the physicochemical heterogeneity of the materials, and systematically evaluating their long-term in vivo biosafety and degradation kinetics to accelerate their clinical translation.