Posterior Scleral Reinforcement is an important surgical procedure for the treatment of pathological myopia. Its core mechanism is to provide mechanical support to the weakened posterior sclera through the implantation of medical materials, thereby inhibiting excessive axial elongation and delaying the progression of myopia-related fundus lesions. All posterior scleral reinforcement materials used in clinical practice must comply with national regulations governing medical devices and human tissue management and be applied in a standardized manner following ethical review and approval. Currently used reinforcement materials mainly include biological materials such as allogeneic sclera, dura mater, and bovine pericardial patches, as well as non-biological materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone rubber devices. Allogeneic sclera and dura mater, as the most commonly used materials, have well-established surgical techniques but face source limitations, restricting their widespread clinical application. Bovine pericardial patches have improved mechanical properties through cross-linking treatment; perinatal tissues (umbilical cord/amnion) possess anti-inflammatory and regenerative characteristics; and novel biological materials such as silk fibroin hydrogels show potential in animal experiments but have not yet entered clinical validation. Among non-biological materials, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene is notable for promoting tissue integration, while silicone rubber devices offer new options for complex cases. A novel posterior scleral reinforcement system comprising a medical silicone-covered support pad, three support bands, and an embedded titanium sheet has entered multicenter clinical evaluation. However, existing materials still have limitations in terms of availability, long-term efficacy, and complications. Except for modified bovine pericardial patches and the novel posterior scleral reinforcement system that have entered the clinical trial stage, most new materials remain in experimental research. Future efforts should focus on material modification and clinical translation under strict regulatory and ethical compliance to address the growing challenge of pathological myopia prevention and treatment.