Vestibular dysfunction is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms such as dizziness or vertigo, abnormal control of eye movements, balance disorders, and autonomic nervous system symptoms. Immune-related vestibular dysfunction is caused by vestibular abnormalities triggered by autoimmune reactions or dysfunctions in the immune system. Some autoimmune diseases can present with vestibular dysfunction as the initial symptom or a typical manifestation. There is still a lack of understanding regarding the immune pathogenic factors of vestibular abnormalities both domestically and internationally. This paper provides a detailed summary of the types, onset, pathological mechanisms, symptoms, signs, and auxiliary examinations of immune-related vestibular dysfunction, aiming to offer new insights for the identification of such diseases.
Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone methylation, histone acetylation, and noncoding RNA. This article elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which histone modifications regulate key proteins associated with neurological disorders, focusing on how the dynamic balance between histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) serves as an epigenetic regulatory hub, influencing disease progression through acetylation coding. It also summarizes how fluctuations in acetyl coenzyme A/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels regulate cell death networks via HAT and the silence information regulator family, as well as multi-target therapeutic strategies combining HDAC inhibitors, iron chelators, and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 inhibitors to achieve precise neuroprotection.