Objective To assess the burden of hypertensive nephropathy in China and the world from 1990 to 2021 and predict future trends. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease Database 2021, standardized prevalence, standardized mortality and standardized disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates were used to describe the burden of hypertensive nephropathy in China and the world from 1990 to 2021. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and autoregressive integrated moving average model were used to reveal the trend of disease burden. Results From 1990 to 2021, the EAPCs of standardized prevalence, standardized mortality and standardized DALY rates of hypertensive nephropathy in China were ?0.61% (?0.73%, ?0.50%), ?0.77% (?0.85%, ?0.69%), and ?1.00% (?1.09%, ?0.91%), respectively. The global EAPCs for standardized prevalence, standardized mortality, and standardized DALY rates of hypertensive nephropathy were ?0.16% (?0.18%, ?0.13%), 0.97% (0.91%, 1.03%), and 0.63% (0.58%, 0.67%), respectively. The standardized prevalence rate, standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate of hypertensive nephropathy in China all showed a downward trend, and the global standardized prevalence rate also showed a downward trend, while the global standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate showed an upward trend, and the indicators of disease burden in China were lower than the global level. The standardized mortality rate and the standardized DALY rate of hypertensive nephropathy were higher in males than in females. With the increase of age, the disease burden indicators of hypertensive nephropathy in China and the world were on the rise, and the age of disease and death were concentrated in the age group over 65 years old. Renal dysfunction and hypertension were important risk factors for death in hypertensive nephropathy patients. It was estimated that from 2022 to 2040, the standardized prevalence rate and mortality rate of hypertensive nephropathy would be on the rise in China and the world, and the standardized DALY rate would be on the rise in the world, while in China it would be on the decline. Conclusions The burden of hypertensive nephropathy is heavy in China and the world from 1990 to 2021, and the control of hypertension and prevention of renal dysfunction should be strengthened. It is estimated that the standardized prevalence and mortality of hypertensive nephropathy will increase in China and the world from 2022 to 2040, and the disease burden will remain heavy.
Objective To investigate the relationship between sleep factors (sleep duration and sleep complaints) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in adult women based on the data of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods A total of 7844 women aged 20-59 years with valid HPV testing and complete sleep survey data from the 2005-2016 cycles of the NHANES database were included in the study. Weighted logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between sleep duration, sleep complaints and HPV infection. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure robustness. Results Among the 7844 participants, 3439 participants (43.8%) tested positive for HPV; participants with abnormal sleep duration and sleep complaints were 3179 (weighted prevalence: 36.35%) and 2285 (weighted prevalence: 31.02%), respectively. After adjusting for all other covariates considered, abnormal sleep duration [short sleep duration: odds ratio (OR)=1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.04, 1.35), P<0.05; long sleep duration: OR=1.52, 95%CI (1.14, 2.03), P<0.05] and sleep complaints [OR=1.17, 95%CI (1.00, 1.38), P<0.05] were both positively associated with HPV infection. Conclusions Sleep duration and sleep complaints are correlated with HPV infection among women aged 20-59 years in the United State. Poor sleep quality elevates the risk of HPV infection. Improving sleep quality and maintaining adequate sleep duration may help reduce the risk of HPV infection in women.