Objective To review the recent research progress of base and clinical application of tracheal replacement. Methods Literature concerning tracheal prosthesis and the current achievements were extensively and comprehensively reviewed. Results Most tracheal lesions can be resected and achieve primary reconstruction, but the resectable length was limited.Tracheal replacement was an efficient and feasible way to substitutethe defects resulting from extended resection. Conclusion Newtechniques such as tissue engineering, tracheal transplantation, new tracheal prosthesis of biomaterials break fresh ground for the more rapid development of tracheal surgery.