Objective To investigate the risk factors of childhood leukaemia. Methods Questionnaire about risk factors of childhood leukaemia was devised and used. We surveyed and analyzed the relevant risk factors of 143 cases of leukaemia children in Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2008 to February 2009, comparing with 108 hospitalized cases without leukaemia during the same period. The significant factors were identified by single factor analysis. Then multi-factors conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results In the single factor analysis, 12 of 26 indexes were statistically significant (Plt;0.05), while in the multi-factors logistic regression analysis, there were 8 of 12 indexes with significance (Plt;0.05), which of those are frequent infection history, house decoration, family history of cancer, maternal childbearing age, and history of contact with paint, leather shoes, radiation and pesticides. Conclusion The 8 indexes as listed above are closely related to the pathogeny of leukaemia and may be the distinguished risk factors of childhood leukaemia.