ObjectiveTo systematically review the value of the fine-needle biopsies in the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast nodules. MethodsA computer based online search was conducted in PubMed, The Cochrane Library (Issue 7, 2016), EMbase, CBM, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data databases up to August, 2016 to collect the relevant diagnostic studies of the fine-needle biopsies for benign and malignant breast nodules. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed using Stata 12.0 and Meta-Disc 1.4 software.ResultsA total of 22 studies involving 24 496 patients were finally included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the pooled Sen, Spe, +LR, –LR, and DOR were 0.95 (95%CI 0.95 to 0.96), 0.96 (95%CI 0.96 to 0.96), 38.27 (95%CI 23.17 to 63.19), 0.05 (95%CI 0.03 to 0.07), 1 031.11 (95%CI 514.19 to 2 067.68), respectively. The AUC of SROC was 0.99 (95%CI 0.98 to 1.00).ConclusionThe current evidence indicates that the FNAC has high diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast nodules.
Auditory neurofeedback (ANF) utilizes sound to map brain activity in real-time, guiding individuals to self-regulate neural states via operant conditioning. Compared to visual neurofeedback, ANF offers distinct advantages in millisecond-level response speed and non-visual dependency, significantly enhancing ecological validity and reducing visual fatigue. This paper reviews the physiological basis, signal processing workflows, and three typical experimental paradigms of ANF: threshold regulation, parameter modulation, and state-dependent triggering. Furthermore, it discusses current applications in neurorehabilitation, psychiatric treatment, sports medicine, and auditory cognitive screening. Finally, the paper analyzes challenges regarding mechanistic evidence and parameter standardization, and prospects future trends such as ear electroencephalography-based portable design and multimodal fusion, providing theoretical insights for clinical translation.