【Abstract】Objective To investigate the expression of tumor growth tactor β1 (TGFβ1) and p27 in gallbladder carcinoma and their relation to the development of the carcinoma. Methods The expression of TGF-β1 and p27 in 36 cases of gallbladder carcinoma was detected by SP immunohistochemical staining. Twenty cases of chronic cholecystitis were collected as control. Results The positive rate of TGF-β1 （63.9%） was higher than that of the control （10.0%），P＜0.05， and the positive rate of p27 (47.2%) was lower than that of the control 100%(P＜0.05). The positive rate of TGF-β1 was significantly higher in metastasis or Nevin Ⅳ～Ⅴ stage cases than that of non-metastasis or Nevin Ⅰ～Ⅲ stage cases 33.3% (P＜0.05). The positive rate of p27 was statistically higher in moderate and highly differentiation (60.9%), nonmetastasis (75.0%) or Nevin’s Ⅰ～Ⅲ stage (75.0%) cases than those of poor differentiation (23.0%), metastasis (33.3%) and Nevin Ⅳ～Ⅴ stage (33.3%) cases (P＜0.05). The expression of p27 was negatively correlated with that of TGF-β1(r=-0.4473，P＜0.05). There was significant difference in survival time between patients with TGF-β1 positive and TGF-β1 negative（P＜0.05）. The difference was also found between patients with p27 positive and p27 negative. Conclusion The upregulation of TGF-β1 and downregulation of p27 in gallbladder carcinoma indicates the imbalance of TGF-β1/p27 system, which may play a role in the carcinogenesis and predict the malignant behaviors of the carcinoma.