Denervated muscle atrophy is a common complication in patients with nerve injury and neuromuscular diseases. Its mechanism involves multiple factors such as the regulation of neurotrophic factors, imbalance of protein synthesis and degradation, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and changes in vascular microenvironment. As a non-invasive rehabilitation intervention, passive movement has shown important potential in delaying the atrophy of denervated muscle and promoting the recovery of neuromuscular function. Compared with active exercise, passive exercise activates neural pathways with a “bottom-up” sensory feedback pathway, which can maintain residual neural connections without increasing the nerve burden, reduce inflammation, and improve local circulation and psychological state through rhythmic mechanical stimulation. However, there are still some limitations in the relevant mechanism research, such as unclear specificity, weak clinical evidence, and lack of individualized regimen parameters. This article systematically reviews the physiological and molecular mechanisms, psychological regulation mechanisms, and clinical application status of passive movement intervention for denervated muscle atrophy, and integrates the physiological-psychological synergy pathway, aiming to provide systematic theoretical support and practical reference for the rehabilitation intervention of denervated muscle atrophy.