With the rise of the "patient-centered" concept, the roles of patients and the public in research have gradually shifted from passive recipients to active participants. Patient and public involvement (PPI) research has become a key path to addressing the shortcomings of traditional research. This paper provides a systematic review of the evolution and key components of patient and public involvement. It conducts an in-depth analysis of various PPI frameworks, with a focus on representative models from the United Kingdom and the United States. The study offers a detailed introduction to the five categories of PPI frameworks summarized by Greenhalgh et al., namely: power-focused frameworks, priority-setting frameworks, study-focused frameworks, report-focused frameworks, and partnership-focused frameworks. It highlights the prevailing practical challenges, such as limited generalizability and difficulties in quantitative evaluation. By correlating these findings with the preliminary explorations of PPI in China, this review offers valuable insights to support the standardization and quality enhancement of PPI research in the country.